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Flannery O’Connor’s first novel opens with the story’s protagonist, Hazel Motes, taking a train to the town of Taulkinham, Tennessee. Motes is returning home after four years at war, and he has just bought himself a brand new blue suit that still bears the $11.98 price tag. Sitting across from Motes in the train is a large woman, Mrs. Hitchcock; she attempts to make small talk with him but he initially ignores her.
It is revealed that Motes is from Eastrod, Tennessee, but when Mrs. Hitchcock asks him if he is returning home, he replies, “No, I ain’t … [I’m] Going to Taulkinham. Don’t know nobody there, but I’m going to do some things” (6). Mrs. Hitchcock begins rambling on about her family until Motes interrupts her by twice stating that “I reckon you think you been redeemed” (7). Mrs. Hitchcock blushes at this, but the two quickly agree to go to the train’s dining car together.
The two wait in line to get into the dining car for a long time as the car is completely packed, and they get separated as the line moves forward. After a long wait, Motes is finally seated at a table with three brightly dressed young women. The women stop talking once Motes sits down with them, and he is silent as well until one of the ladies blows her cigarette smoke into his face. He turns to her and says “If you’ve been redeemed, I wouldn’t want to be … Do you think I believe in Jesus? Well I wouldn’t even if he existed” (10). Motes promptly finishes his meal and returns to his berth for the night.
Motes realizes that his berth has no windows, so as he lies in it he feels like he is lying in a coffin. This reminds him of the fact that the only coffin he has ever seen with a person in it was his grandfather’s; Motes also thinks back on his grandfather’s job as a circuit preacher who would travel through three different counties to spread the gospel. His grandfather would pull into Eastrod and a crowd would quickly amass around his vehicle as he preached from its hood.
Motes had brought his grandfather’s bible with him when he went to war and his peers had once asked him to give a sermon. An excited Motes began preaching but lost his chain of thought halfway through and gave up. We learn that Motes’ experiences during the war turned him into a cynic, and he turned to atheism like many of his fellow soldiers.
Motes lies in his berth and thinks about how his house in Eastrod and the town itself had been completely abandoned while he was at war. This thought begins to make Motes feel sick, so he calls out to a nearby porter to let him out of his berth and begins screaming “Jesus” (20). The chapter ends with the porter remarking, “Jesus been a long time gone” (20).
The next day, Motes gets off his train at one of its numerous stops to grab some fresh air, but fails to re-board the train before it leaves and has to wait six hours for the next train to Taulkinham. He finally arrives at the city in the late afternoon, and he is immediately met with the flashing neon signs of local businesses. Motes slowly and aimlessly wanders into town with his duffel bag on his shoulder, but he returns to the train station when he realizes he has nowhere to go.
Motes steps into the men’s restroom of the train station, and reads an inscription on a stall that claimed that Mrs. Leora Watts had the “friendliest bed in town” (26); beside the inscription is her address. Motes goes outside and hails a taxi to take him to Mrs. Watt’s establishment. The taxi driver mistakes Motes for a preacher, as he is wearing his grandfather’s preacher hat, and he asks Motes why he was heading for Mrs. Watt’s place as she doesn’t normally associate with preachers. Motes simply replies, “I ain’t any preacher. I only seen her name in the toilet” (26).
When the taxi driver reaches Mrs. Watt’s residence, he accepts Motes’ fare and says, “It ain’t only the hat. It’s a look in your face somewheres” (27). Motes only replies, “Listen, get this: I don’t believe in anything” (27). Motes turns to inspect Mrs. Watts’ house and sees that it’s little more than a cozy looking shack. He steps into the building and eventually finds Mrs. Watts lounging on a bed cutting her toenails. Motes sits down next to her and puts his hand on her foot. She pulls him closer, but he tells her, “I come for the usual business” (32).
Mrs. Watts tells Motes to make himself at home, and they stare at each other for a while before Motes explains, “What I mean to have you know is this: I’m no goddamn preacher” (32). The chapter ends with Mrs. Watts putting her hand on Motes’ face and telling him “That’s okay son. Momma don’t mind if you ain’t a preacher” (32).
On his second night in Taulkinham, Motes wanders out into the city to explore its nightlife. He quickly comes upon a crowd amassed around a salesman who is demonstrating a peeling machine. The salesman singles out a young man in the crowd named Enoch Emery and Motes looks on. Shortly thereafter, a blind man approaches the crowd and begins begging for money: “Help a blind preacher. If you won’t repent, give up a nickel” (36).
The salesman’s crowd begins to disperse in an attempt to avoid the beggar, and this enrages the salesman who begins screaming at him. The beggar’s young daughter is with him, and she approaches Motes and puts a pamphlet in his hands that reads “Jesus Calls You.” The little girl tries to buy a peeler machine, but she doesn’t have enough money. The salesman eventually scares the beggar and his daughter off, and they begin walking away. Motes thrusts two dollars into the salesman’s hand, grabs a peeler, and starts running after the preacher and his daughter.
As Motes runs after the preacher and his daughter, the young man Enoch Emery catches up to him and begins to tell Motes about himself. When Motes finally catches up with the beggar, he tries to give the little girl the peeler but she claims she doesn’t want it. The preacher threatens to hit her if she refuses the machine, so she begrudgingly accepts the gift. She tells her father that she saw Motes rip up the “Jesus Calls You” card she had given him, and the preacher tells Motes, “[Y]ou can’t run away from Jesus. Jesus is a fact” (46).
The preacher is preparing to hand out “Jesus Calls You” pamphlets and he grasps Motes’ arm, tells him to repent, and asks him to help hand out pamphlets. Motes draws the blind man closer and says, “Listen, I’m as clean as you are … I don’t believe in sin, take your hand off me” (48). Motes grabs the preacher’s pamphlets from him and runs to the top of some stairs where people are exiting a building.
Motes himself begins preaching to the crowd: “I’m going to preach a new church—the church of truth without Jesus Christ Crucified. It won’t cost you nothing to join my church” (51). Motes leaves the area when the blind man calls out to him: “Hawks, Hawks, my name is Asa Hawks when you try to follow me again” (52). As Motes travels home to Mrs. Watt’s place, Enoch follows him despite the fact that Motes repeatedly tells him to get lost.
When Motes arrives home, he thinks back to a time when his father brought him to a peepshow. They stepped inside a tent to see a scantily clad woman moving about in a coffin. Motes was terrified and he quickly ran home. The chapter ends with a description of how the young Motes then filled his shoes with rocks and wandered into the woods in an attempt to appease God.
In these first three chapters, we are introduced to Hazel Motes, who is revealed to be anti-social and even hostile to strangers. Motes has just returned home from WWII, and it becomes more and more apparent that the experience has turned him into a cynic. On the train to Taulkinham he treats Mrs. Hitchcock disrespectfully, and he confronts the three ladies in the dining car with anti-religious rhetoric: “If you’ve been redeemed, I wouldn’t want to be” (9). As the novel progresses, Motes’ cynical personality only becomes more potent.
Identity is a theme that runs throughout these initial chapters. Once Motes arrives in Taulkinham, he wears his grandfather’s old preacher hat and is dressed in a fancy blue suit, so that people repeatedly mistake him for a preacher. Even this early on in the narrative, Motes is avidly anti-Christian and completely renounces Jesus Christ, so he sharply rebukes anyone who thinks he is a preacher. As the book continues, Motes constantly asserts and defines his anti-Christian opinions to others, and these chapters show just the beginning of Motes’ grappling with identity issues.
Coffins are a symbol that show up repeatedly throughout the book’s first three chapters. Their first appearance comes in the form of Motes’ sleeper berth on the train to Taulkinham. When he goes into it at first, it is described as being like a windowless coffin. Motes then thinks back on the fact that his grandfather is the only person he has seen dead in a coffin. When Motes falls asleep that night, he dreams that he is stuck in a coffin. Later, when Motes thinks back to the peepshow his father took him to when he was a child he recalls that the scantily-clad woman’s performance involved a coffin. These coffins act as reminders of death and serve as symbols which foreshadow Motes’ ultimate fate.
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By Flannery O'Connor