Thoreau's spiritual and philosophical mentor, Emerson is referred to in an abstract manner and is the owner of the land where Thoreau conducts his experiment in simple living.

A French-Canadian woodsman living near Walden Pond, Therien is admired by Thoreau for his intuitive intelligence and strong connection to nature despite lacking formal education.

A poor Irish immigrant laborer who lives near Baker Farm, Field is noted for his encounter with Thoreau during a storm, highlighting contrasts in values and socio-economic status.

Referred to as "the philosopher," Alcott is a close friend who visits Thoreau and shares Transcendentalist ideals, being a notable scholar and social reformer.

Known as "the poet," Channing is Thoreau's closest friend and fellow Transcendentalist, who visits him at Walden Pond.

An ancient Chinese philosopher frequently referenced by Thoreau, Confucius is known for his teachings on personal morality and study, influencing Thoreau's thoughts.

Ancient Greek author of epic poems like The Iliad, whose works are read and studied by Thoreau during his time at Walden Pond, emphasizing the importance of classical learning.