An ancient Greek philosopher whose teachings on self-discipline and the concept of the Muse influence Pressfield’s views on artistic creativity and self-mastery.

A central deity in Hinduism featured in the Bhagavad-Gita, who provides Arjuna with guidance that Pressfield utilizes to highlight the importance of serving a higher purpose in artistic endeavors.

A character from Hindu scriptures who, guided by Krishna, learns to perform his duties selflessly, serving as a metaphor in Pressfield’s work for artists combating internal Resistance.

A historical Spartan king known for his role in the Battle of Thermopylae, representing the ideal warrior spirit that Pressfield draws upon to compare artists to warriors in their battle against failure.