The leader of a totalitarian movement in Germany, whose use of propaganda and existing antisemitic attitudes ultimately led to widespread atrocities during his regime.

A Soviet dictator who used propaganda and fear to maintain control, and under whose rule the Soviet Union became a superpower at a great human cost.

A French artillery officer of Jewish descent, whose wrongful conviction for espionage exposed deep antisemitic biases and societal tensions in France.

A British statesman of Jewish descent who became a prominent figure in the Tory party, criticized by Arendt for his position on Jewish identity and influence in sociopolitical contexts.

A British philosopher known for his work on the social contract and materialism, whose ideas on power dynamics contributed to the foundation of later political theories including imperialism.