47 pages 1 hour read

The One and Only Ruby

Fiction | Novel/Book in Verse | Middle Grade | Published in 2023

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Chapters 31-61Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 31 Summary: “My First Day”

Ruby describes her first day of life to Uncle Ivan, Uncle Bob, and Aunt Kinyani. Her mother supported her with her trunk as she learned to walk. Nearby, her brother Reth ran around. She was aware of the forest and of the rest of her herd. Ruby’s mother announced that her name was Nya, and there were trumpets of joy.

Chapter 32 Summary: “Messy”

Ruby remembers messily eating her first meal. It tasted delicious and sweet.

Chapter 33 Summary: “The Savanna”

There were sixteen elephants in Ruby’s herd. The savanna was beautiful and vast, and sometimes dangerous. The herd walked constantly in search of food and water. As a small elephant, Ruby was especially vulnerable to predators, but her herd protected her.

Chapter 34 Summary: “Gichinga”

Ruby loved her powerful and beautiful mother, Bishara. She often held onto her tail as they walked. Her brother was four years older and very boisterous. Her best friend was Gichinga, a cattle egret (a type of bird). Cattle egrets often follow elephant herds to eat the bugs their feet kick up from the earth. In return, the cattle egrets, who often ride on the elephants’ backs, sound an alarm when predators are coming.

An accompanying illustration depicts a small elephant, Ruby, holding the tail of a larger elephant, her mother, Bishara, in a line of elephants.

Chapter 35 Summary: “Our Band”

Initially, Ruby was indignant about the small bird sitting on her back, but Gichinga pointed out all the other elephants with birds on their backs. Before long, Gichinga and Ruby started to make music together.

Chapter 36 Summary: “Possible”

Gichinga was an important friend for Ruby, because he showed her the possibilities of friendship.

Chapter 37 Summary: “The Smell of Danger”

Uncle Bob asks when Ruby first encountered humans. She explains that she smelled them, and her mother warned her that it was the smell of danger.

Chapter 38 Summary: “Where There’s Smoke”

Ruby smelled smoke and knew instinctually that it was dangerous. Her grandmother explained that the world was much drier than in the past, so there were more fires.

Chapter 39 Summary: “Thirst”

The herd became hungry and excruciatingly thirsty; the land was gripped by drought.

An illustration shows a small elephant, Ruby.

Chapter 40 Summary: “Bad Places”

Grandmama, the herd’s matriarch, led the herd to human farms, where angry farmers fired rifles at them.

Chapter 41 Summary: “The Mud Hole”

Ruby began to lag. Her mother waited with her. Grandmama slowed the herd’s pace as much as possible. Gichinga began sitting on a faster elephant at his mother’s insistence.

Ruby and her mother lost the herd. Ruby saw a mud puddle and excitedly jumped into it. She sank and became stuck and scared. Her mother couldn’t reach her with her trunk. Ruby heard humans and was terrified.

Chapter 42 Summary: “Good Humans”

The humans tied ropes around Ruby and helped her out. They were good humans. Ivan and Bob agree that there are some good humans.

On the other hand, Ruby says, “there were the bones” (97).

Chapter 43 Summary: “The Bones”

Ruby and her mother caught up to the herd. They came across a pile of elephant bones and stopped respectfully, taking turning gently touching the bones with their trunks. An older elephant reprimanded Ruby for almost stepping on a bone. Ruby asked where the elephant’s tusks were; Ruby’s mother and Grandmama did not know.

Chapter 44 Summary: “After”

Two days later, Ruby and her mother fell behind again. Suddenly, Ruby’s mother was shot, and died. Ruby decided that she would stay and become bones with her.

Chapter 45 Summary: “The Two Bulls”

Two young bull elephants approached and told Ruby that she had to run away; the poachers were coming for her mother’s tusks. She ran with the two bulls, who made sure Ruby didn’t watch what was happening, but she knew anyway.

The two bulls did their best to care for Ruby, but they had no milk to give her. They told her stories and sheltered her from the heat.

Chapter 46 Summary: “Not a Bird”

A giant insect, making a thud-thud-thud sound, appeared overhead. The bulls urged Ruby to run, but she was frozen in panic as it landed on the ground.

Chapter 47 Summary: “The Insect”

Three humans got out of the giant insect. One pointed a black stick at Ruby.

Chapter 48 Summary: “Pain”

Ruby heard a sharp noise and felt pain in her side at the same time. She suddenly felt exhausted and lay down to rest.

Chapter 49 Summary: “Flying”

Ruby awoke, feeling heavy and sleepy. She realized that she was flying through the air inside the insect. She felt bewildered and scared, and tried to think of her mother’s warmth.

Chapter 50 Summary: “Another Trip”

Still feeling heavy and sleepy, Ruby was moved from the giant insect (a helicopter) into a truck. When the truck stopped, Ruby could smell both humans and baby elephants.

Chapter 51 Summary: “The Cage”

The humans helped Ruby up and corralled her into a large wooden cage, making soothing noises. A tall human in the cage, Jabori, laughed.

Chapter 52 Summary: “Introductions”

Ivan clarifies that this is the man who just came to visit Ruby.

Jabori, Ruby explains, was a kind, reassuring presence. He constantly talked and hummed, and he always knew what she needed.

Chapter 53 Summary: “Sentinels”

Elephants call those who look after them sentinels. Ruby explains that Jabori was one of her sentinels. Before him, Ruby’s mother and Grandmama had been her sentinels. Now, Ivan and Bob are her sentinels. Ruby is grateful for all the sentinels in her life.

Chapter 54 Summary: “What Jabori Knew”

Jabori knew that Ruby liked having a blanket draped over her back to sleep, and he knew when she would be hungry. Jabori hummed comfortingly when Ruby had bad dreams. He called her Duni.

An accompanying illustration shows a young elephant, Ruby, being patted by a smiling man, Jabori. Ruby is under a blanket; she looks content.

Chapter 55 Summary: “First Things First”

Jabori started by providing food for Ruby, encouraging her to eat by dipping his fingers in the food and bringing them to her mouth. Eventually, she ate.

Bob agrees that there is nothing as good as a meal when you didn’t think you would ever get one again.

Chapter 56 Summary: “An Improvement”

Jabori then brought a bottle of the same liquid for Ruby to drink from, which was easier and less messy.

An accompanying illustration shows a baby elephant, Ruby, suckling from a bottle.

Chapter 57 Summary: “The Elephant Orphanage”

Ruby now knows that she was in an elephant orphanage. The humans there were loving, and provided food and shelter for baby elephants who were lost and alone.

Chapter 58 Summary: “Others”

Ruby became aware that the other elephants, also kept in wooden enclosures with human companions, went out each day, and came back seeming happy. As well as Jabori and Ruby, a small African hedgehog called Odongo lived in her enclosure.

Chapter 59 Summary: “Welcome”

Soon after this, Ruby was allowed to join in with the other baby elephants on their adventures; she was welcomed with trumpets and nuzzles. Ruby heard the other elephants having nightmares, although none of them talked about their past.

Chapter 60 Summary: “Milk and Mud”

Every morning at the orphanage, Ruby and the other baby elephants would get their bottles of milk substitute and then go outside to play. Their favorite thing to do was to roll in the mud puddles together.

Chapter 61 Summary: “Stampede”

Next, the elephants would forage, practicing for when they were old enough to eat plants rather than milk.

One day, Ruby was startled by a moth that flew out of a bush. She laughed at herself with the other elephants.

An accompanying illustration shows a small elephant, Ruby, with a moth sitting between her eyes, as she sits with an expression of surprise on her face. Another illustration depicts two baby elephants with their trunks linked together, looking happy.

Chapters 31-61 Analysis

These chapters continue to explore the theme of Animal Cruelty and Exploitation. Ruby’s mother’s tragic death is foreshadowed by the elephant skeleton the herd finds on the savanna: “‘Where are her tusks?’ Mama and Grandmama looked at each other. ‘We may never know,’ Mama answered at last. ‘I don’t understand,’ I said” (101). A period of rising tension ensues when Ruby says, “Soon enough I would” (101); this remark indicates that the circumstances that killed the long-dead elephant will soon touch Ruby’s life (101). Those readers with a knowledge of the ivory trade may guess—particularly given their knowledge that Ruby ends up in an orphanage—that Ruby’s mother will be killed by poachers.

The cruelty of humans toward animals is reiterated when Ruby’s mother is killed. The sound of the gunshot is “like a crack of thunder. Like a rock split in two. Like a heart breaking” (102). Applegate combines literal and metaphorical language to describe the violence of the sound, as well as Ruby’s devastation and heartbreak at her mother’s death. The horror of the practice of killing elephants, particularly mother elephants with young calves, is emphasized when the bulls urge Ruby not to watch the appalling sight of her mother’s tusks being sawn off her body by the poachers.

Ruby’s young age and innocence stand in stark contrast to the violence she witnesses. She doesn’t have the language to describe what she sees, having no knowledge of poachers and little knowledge of humans in general. Instead, she uses what she does know to make sense of this human intrusion, as when she describes the helicopter as a giant insect. Very quickly Ruby goes from a life is (relatively) untainted by human activity to a life defined and shaped by human cruelty, and her ignorance of the human world underscores how unequipped she is to understand this violent, traumatic change. It is only now, as she recounts her past to loved ones and faces her scary feelings, that she can begin to understand and process what she went through.

The cruelty of the humans who kill Ruby’s mother to saw her tusks off is contrasted with the kindness of Jabori at the elephant shelter. Applegate does not wholly condemn humanity’s treatment of animals; instead, she acknowledges that humans can use their position of relative power to either help animals or to treat them with indifference or outright cruelty. The Importance of Friendship and Family is explored in the character of Jabori, who soothes Ruby in her time of greatest distress: “He constantly sang or hummed or talked in that low, wind-in-the-trees voice” (117). His love for Ruby is apparent in the thoughtfulness of his care and in the way he is able to anticipate her needs, much like her mother once did.

Ruby’s life at the orphanage is characterized as a relatively happy time, in spite of her grief over the loss of her mother and the traumatic circumstances of her mother’s death. Ruby’s resilience is demonstrated by her joyful playing with Jabori and with the other baby elephants. Chapter 60: “Milk and Mud” and Chapter 61: “Stampede” contain illustrations of Ruby looking happy and inquisitive with the other baby elephants as they engage in “mudfun” and foraging.

Ruby’s ongoing Coming of Age is made manifest here in her mature choice to confide in Uncle Ivan and Uncle Bob about her traumatic memories of her childhood in Africa. In her decision to unpack her complicated feelings about her tusks, which are undoubtedly interwoven with her mother’s tragic death, Ruby signals that her approaching Tuskday ceremony will be successful.

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