An influential proponent of the Divine Right of Kings, whose works argue for absolute monarchy. Locke's First Treatise specifically addresses and critiques the arguments found in Filmer's Patriarcha.

The first man created according to the Book of Genesis, used by Filmer as an example of divine authority. Locke challenges the notion that Adam was the first absolute monarch with unlimited power.

The first woman created according to the Book of Genesis, fashioned from Adam’s rib. Locke argues against Filmer's views by referencing Eve’s joint inheritance of the earth with Adam, advocating for natural freedom and equality.

A descendant of Adam who survives the Flood by building an ark, then divides the world equally among his three sons. Locke utilizes Noah's story to dispute the concept of inherited absolute monarchical power.

A fellow political philosopher and anti-royalist whose work shares thematic similarities with Locke's. Though not directly mentioned, his ideas and political associations parallel Locke’s critiques of absolutism.

A Dutch prince who became the ruler of England after the Glorious Revolution. Locke acknowledges William III as an exemplar of legitimate rule based on the consent of the governed.