36 pages 1 hour read

The Crossing

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1987

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Part 1Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “The First Meeting”

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Manny Bustos, a 14-year-old orphan, wakes to another day on the streets of Juárez, Mexico, a border town across the Rio Grande from El Paso, Texas. Manny has lived on the streets his whole life, but he knows that he can’t last much longer. With his red hair and small build, he is an easy target for both human traffickers and the bigger and stronger kids on the streets. Today, he decides he will attempt to cross the border to the United States, where he hopes to find a job and a better life. First thing in the morning, Manny goes to the Two-by-Four, a local eatery. He often begs Maria, the cook, for scraps, but today he has a big request: an entire chicken. Manny knows he will need strength for his journey ahead, and he promises to pay Maria back for the chicken once he gets a job in the US. Maria is reluctant at first but has compassion for him; she instructs Manny to return that evening to pick up the food.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

Robert Locke, a sergeant in the US army at Fort Bliss in Texas, studies himself in the mirror and contemplates what he sees versus what he feels. He sees a soldier: perfect posture, a neat uniform, a clean cut face, and a single scar across his left temple. However, he doesn’t see the scars that he feels inside from the battles he experienced. Looking around the room, he sees that every item is army-issued and in its proper place except for a whiskey bottle. He drinks some whiskey as he prepares to leave for a club across the border in Juárez, his usual routine on his nights off duty. He often goes to the bar to drink until he is “brain dead” so that none of his friends who died in past battles will “come to visit him” in his memories (16).

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

The border between Juárez and El Paso is marked by the Santa Fe Bridge and the dry riverbed of the Rio Grande underneath. All the people entering Mexico from the United States must come via the bridge. Beneath the bridge, children from Juárez beg tourists to throw money. When multiple coins are thrown, the children fight over them, and the larger children usually emerge victorious with the majority of the coins. Manny, who is one of the smaller boys, arrives at the bridge to beg. He chooses to stand away from the bigger boys, even though it means standing farther from the tourists on the bridge. Manny catches a quarter thrown from the bridge and must hide it quickly before the other boys see; if they notice him with money, they will use force to take it from him. Manny moves slightly closer to the other boys to be in better proximity to the tourists, and soon, a dollar bill comes fluttering down from the bridge straight to Manny. He snatches it and prepares to run, but one of the larger boys, Pacho, catches and repeatedly punches Manny. Pacho takes the dollar and Manny is left in the dirt in pain. The woman who threw the dollar yells from up on the bridge that someone should help, but Manny knows that in Juárez, no one is there to help him.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

Sergeant Locke arrives at his usual nightclub, Club Congo Tiki. Inside, women dance on the stage, including one woman who wears a real snake on her body. Robert does not come to see the women; he comes to drink. He sits at a table in the back corner and drinks Scotch until he is numb and in a fog of intoxication. As Robert sips his drink slowly and lets it take effect, he thinks of a lieutenant he once knew who had been tough and brash but was a phony. Robert and the other soldiers saw that despite the lieutenant’s bluster in battle, he wasn’t as tough as he pretended to be because he sipped his whiskey rather than knocking it back. Robert does the same when he drinks, because drinking slowly allows him to enter a fog that the ghosts of his friends cannot enter. Many of Robert’s friends are dead, killed in the Vietnam War. He drinks to keep their memory at bay. This night is just like all the other nights when Robert comes to the club to drink. He sips slowly and waits, and when the alcohol eventually invades his body and brain, he throws up, goes back to Fort Bliss on the bus, and wakes up to another day as a sergeant.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

Manny waits near the river in the dark for the right time to attempt the risky border crossing. The border patrol has bright lights, but the real risk is the coyotes—the guides people pay to take them across the border. Some of the coyotes are deceptive: They claim to help people cross but steal from them and sometimes kill them instead. The men Manny fears most are the human traffickers in Juárez who “kill for nothing” and take children to be sold (37). They come to the river at night and attack the groups of people waiting to cross. The Juárez police are too busy on the streets to worry about people crossing the border illegally, and to the American border patrol, those who are hurt or killed during the attempted crossing just mean fewer people that need to be caught and returned to Mexico.

Manny decides to eat a little of the chicken and tortillas from Maria while he waits. When he starts to eat, however, he cannot stop himself, and eats every crumb of the meal. In the moment that he finishes, the border patrol lights come on, revealing hundreds of people crossing the river. Chaos ensues as people begin screaming and running; the border patrol captures some, but others escape into the night. Manny continues to wait, hoping that border patrol officers will leave with the people they arrested and give him a better chance at crossing. Suddenly, four men come up behind Manny and grab him by the hair. As they talk about selling him to a man named Raoul, the searchlights go out and Manny sees his chance. He kicks the man holding him with all his strength and sprints away.

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Manny runs and the men chase him. He attempts to escape into the alleys, a confusing labyrinth of dead ends and winding pathways. He finally loses his pursuers after hopping a fence. Knowing he will not be able to cross the border that night, Manny finds a doorway to sleep in behind Club Congo Tiki. There, he sees an American soldier, Robert Locke, drunk and vomiting in the alley. Manny can see the bulge of the soldier’s wallet in his pocket and knows the soldier is drunk and distracted—the perfect target. Manny reaches for the wallet, but Robert clamps Manny’s wrist in an iron grip. Manny is surprised at Robert’s strength and reflexes; Robert is drunk, yet still powerful and aware. Robert begins walking, dragging Manny along with him. As they near the Santa Fe Bridge, a Mexican police officer stops them. As the police officer questions Robert, Robert experiences a flashback to a memory from when he was in Kansas City and caught a boy by the wrist to keep him from running into the street. When Robert returns mentally to the present situation, he tells the officer that Manny was guiding him to the bridge, and the officer knows it is a lie; everyone lies to the police in Juárez. However, the officer accepts the lie, and waves Manny and Robert on their separate ways, Robert across the bridge, and Manny back to the streets of Juárez.

Part 1 Analysis

Paulsen establishes the novel’s setting, the streets of Juárez, Mexico, through both Manny’s and Robert’s alternating points of view. Filled with alleys, bars, and clubs, Juárez is a considered a rough area by people on both sides of the border. Manny notes that he learned to only ask Americans for money, since the Mexicans in Juárez do not have extra money to give away. Furthermore, he knows the city is overrun by crime, and he cannot depend on anyone except himself, as he does not have a family to rely on. When Manny is beat up by Pacho under the bridge, he knows no one will help him. The police and churches in the city are overwhelmed and don’t have time to or energy to pay attention to Manny, an unhoused child. Paulsen also highlights the geography of Juárez to emphasize character motivations and contextualize plot events, creating an image of the poverty, crime, and struggle that characterize life there for Manny. Juárez’s position on the Mexican-US border catalyzes Manny’s desire to make the crossing into El Paso, Texas, a central element of the plot. Manny’s geographic proximity to the United States intensifies his desire to immigrate there. Paulsen describes the border in detail so that the reader can visualize it: a dry riverbed of the Rio Grande marks the shape of the border, and the Santa Fe Bridge acts as the only route for people coming and going between El Paso and Juárez. Furthermore, Paulsen describes the twisting alleys of Juárez. The city is not laid out in an orderly, block style, so some alleys culminate in dead ends. However, Manny uses this detail of the city to his advantage when escaping from the men who want to kidnap him.

Paulsen alternates between Manny and Robert’s points of view so that one chapter is told from Manny’s perspective while the next is told from Robert’s. In this way, Paulsen creates two separate narratives before eventually blending the two stories together at the end of Part 1 when Manny and Robert meet. An instance of repetition at the end of Chapter 4 and beginning of Chapter 5 serves to foreshadow the intersection of the two characters’ lives. Paulsen writes, “He sipped his drink and waited” (34) to describe Locke at the end of Chapter 4, then begins Chapter 5 with “Manny sat in the dark and waited” (35). This strategically placed parallelism suggests that the characters are destined to eventually cross paths, which comes to fruition in Chapter 6. In this chapter, Paulsen provides both Manny and Robert’s points of view, switching back and forth between them for the first time within a chapter. Paulsen’s unique use of point of view allows the reader access to the thoughts of both Manny and Robert, and therefore deepens understanding of each character. Furthermore, Paulsen creates tension as the reader waits to see how these two seemingly separate stories will intersect.

Paulsen also highlights Maria’s character in these early chapters, using her to showcase elements of Mexican culture. Other than Robert, Maria is the only character that shows kindness to Manny. A cook at the Two-by-Four café, Maria wears her hair in a thick braid and makes tortillas. She has a soft spot for Manny, evidenced by her eventual willingness to give him an entire chicken that she knows he will be unable to pay for. Maria knows that Manny’s chances of making it to America and building a better life are slim, yet she still chooses to do what she can to help him. In a town in which most people struggle, countless children live on the streets, and everyone dreams of a better life, Maria has somehow managed to maintain her compassion and generosity.

Paulsen uses Sergeant Robert Locke’s experiences as a military man to showcase the effects of war on a soldier’s mental health from Robert’s very first appearance in the novel. Paulsen uses repetition of the phrase, “He was, above all things, a sergeant” (13), to show that the military defines Robert’s identity. Everything about his outward appearance suggests discipline and strength. However, Paulsen creates irony by showing that internally, Locke has emotional war wounds that never healed. He suggests that Locke has two personas: the sergeant—“the man in the mirror” (14)—and Robert, his emotionally fraught interior life. Paulsen uses descriptions of Locke’s appearance and his room to emphasize Locke’s outer strength and lack of emotion in contrast with the internal struggle he faces.

Paulsen shows that the people of Juárez, including Manny, are so desperate that they attempt to cross the border despite its many dangers. Through Manny’s character, Paulsen shows the growing sense of urgency that unless Manny crosses soon, he will likely be trafficked or will die of starvation. Paulsen also provides details of what a border crossing entails through his description of Manny’s initial attempt to cross. Both the border patrol and untrustworthy coyotes are considerable threats, but the biggest danger are the human traffickers who kill or kidnap children and sell them. Paulsen again highlights that people with the power to help, such as the Mexican police or the American border patrol officers, are busy elsewhere or simply do not want to engage the risks of helping defend people against the thieves and traffickers. Paulsen’s inclusion of details such as the glaring spotlights that turn on unexpectedly, the announcement over the loudspeakers, and the chaos and arrests that follow serve to not only create drama and excitement, but also to emphasize the harrowing experience of crossing the border illegally. Like so many others, Manny loses his chance to cross that night, which shows the difficulty and unlikelihood of crossing successfully.

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