The Book of the Courtier

Castiglione opens Book 2 by critiquing nostalgia, especially as it applies to perceptions of the court. He argues that “nature nowadays produces men are more capable than in the past” (110). The discussion resumes on the following day with Unico Aretino’s assertion: “the courtier should possess good judgement” (112). Federico Fregoso contends that mistakes are often inconspicuous to those making them. He agrees with Count Ludovico’s definition of the courtier from the previous day, and adds that the courtier should manage his affairs successfully without arousing envy. In the manner of the Stoics, the courtier should be virtuous and “cautious” (114). He should ensure his superiors see his successes on the battlefield. Only honour should lead the courtier to war, but in this and sports he should “attract the eyes of the onlookers in his direction as surely as the lodestone attracts iron” (116). Even while dancing, the courtier should maintain dignity in front of his audience. The courtier should partake in any masques and games as an equal yet maintain his rank in military displays and refrain from mixing with common people. He should be able to sing before an audience, but exercise discretion in whether this is appropriate.