A laryngologist pioneer who developed instruments for removing accidentally swallowed or inhaled items, saving hundreds of lives.

Harvard physiologist known for his work on the autonomic nervous system and coining the term “fight or flight,” who also researched responses to psychological stress.

A chemistry professor who advanced the study of nutrition by measuring food energy in calories, although some of his conclusions about diet were later proven incorrect.

A bacteriologist who discovered several causes of food poisoning and contributed significantly to understanding infectious diseases, aiding in the development of milk pasteurization.

A geneticist who discovered the Y chromosome and its role in determining gender, publishing significant research despite her career being cut short.

A professor whose revolutionary work on the nervous system, including the discovery of synapses, earned him a Nobel Prize and made a lasting impact on neuroscience.