The Benefits of Being an Octopus

In literary terms, the titular octopus is a controlling metaphor, which is a symbol or image in a novel that transcends a single category of narrative significance. In this case, the octopus functions as a symbol, a motif, a theme, and a metaphor. A controlling metaphor is usually present in a work’s title and is the focal point of the protagonist’s character development. A controlling metaphor is multi-layered and can transform in meaning as the protagonist grows toward greater self-understanding.

The author prefaces the novel with a quotation from The Octopus: The Graceful Cephalopod of the Deep by Derby King to establish the octopus’s thematic importance: “The history of the octopus illustrates the brain’s ability to evolve. As they lost their ancestors’ protective shells they were forced to become more intelligent” (5). From the first page, we know that the octopus’s means of protection, adaptability, and intelligence are important ideas. A less obvious one is that the octopus’s strength comes from within. Without the protective shell of financial stability and family support, Zoey must rely on her inner resources not only to survive her difficult circumstances but also to transform them.