The Beauty and the Sorrow: An Intimate History of the First World War (2011), a non-fiction book by the Swedish author and historian Peter Englund, tells the stories of twenty men and women from around the world who were involved in World War I. The book is structured as a collective diary comprising 227 entries, each of them devoted to what one of these twenty people did on a single day. Though born in England, one of the characters, Florence Farmborough relocated to Russia in 1908 at the age of twenty-three to work as a governess and, later, a tutor for affluent Russian families. After World War I began in 1914, Farmborough served as a Red Cross nurse, treating wounded soldiers fighting with the Russian Imperial Army on the Galician and Romanian fronts. At the same time, she also served as a war correspondent for the Times of London and the BBC, bringing her glass-plate camera along with darkroom materials everywhere she went. She witnessed horror on a day-to-day basis. She also described the guilt and pain of triage on the Eastern front, describing a particularly heartbreaking case of a soldier she was forced to let perish. Other chapters focus on Richard Stumpf, who served in the High Seas Fleet of the German Imperial Navy from 1912 until 1918, keeping a detailed war diary of his time in the service. His entries reflect a gradual but decisive change in his attitude toward his superiors and the war effort in general. At first, he was an unquestioning soldier, unequivocally respectful of his orders and the broader war strategy. Over time, however, he became disillusioned by the treatment he and his men suffered at the hands of the officer caste, which he felt were vastly overpaid. Stumpf bristled at the officers' repeated efforts to humiliate their crews, writing that the only time he ever felt that he was taken seriously was in the heat of a battle. He also rejected the conservative and rightwing views that most of the men in the German military espoused. For example, he defended a leftist German labor leader who had been critical of the war effort. Other stories are immensely tragic. For example, there is the tale of Sarah MacNaughtan, an aid worker from Scotland. At the age of forty-nine, MacNaughtan went to help at a field hospital in Antwerp and with the Flying Ambulance Corps when the war began. On her way to the Eastern Front, she witnessed the horrors of the Armenian genocide, particularly in the town of Yerevan where 17,000 of the city's 30,000 people had become refugees. While being exposed to these horrifying war zones, MacNaughtan contracted a deadly disease and suffered a nervous breakdown. She was forced to abandon the war effort, dying just a few weeks later. Kresten Andresen, a twenty-three-year-old Danish man joined the German army "not for the sake of goods and gold, not for your homeland or for honor…but to strengthen your character, to strengthen it in power and will." Andresen was taken as a prisoner-of-war in 1916 and died in the prisoner camp. Another observer of the destruction in Armenia was Rafael de Nogales, a Venezuelan man serving in the Ottoman army. In addition to bombed-out churches, piles of bodies, and countless homeless refugees, de Nogales describes the destruction two giant temples which were almost nine centuries old. He writes that both temples were demolished in just one day in 1915. In 2011, the year Englund published the book, the last World War I combat veteran, Claude Choules, died at the age of 110. For that reason and so many others, The Beauty and the Sorrow offers an indispensable record of what it was like to live during the Great War, and how these people were able to endure so much suffering.

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Peter Englund

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