46 pages • 1-hour read
Caitlin DoughtyA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide contains graphic descriptions of dead bodies; the cremation, embalming, and decomposition processes; deaths, including violent deaths, of babies, children, and adults; and suicide.
In Caitlin Doughty’s Author’s Note, she describes the execution of Mata Hari during World War I. Hari, a dancer who spied for Germany, refused to wear a blindfold, preferring to look the firing squad in the eyes. To be able to come to terms with death, Doughty believes that “looking mortality straight in the eye” (6) is crucial. She introduces the book as a memoir of her first six years working in the American funeral industry.
On her first day working at Westwind Cremation & Burial, Doughty must shave the body of a man named Byron. She is only 23 and unsure how exactly to shave the face of a corpse. Doughty got the job at Westwind after six months of applying to different funeral homes in San Francisco. She has been morbidly fascinated by death from a young age, and she majored in medieval history in university.
After Doughty finishes shaving Byron, his family comes to the mortuary for a last viewing, and then her new boss, Mike, takes Byron to be cremated. Mike shows Doughty the cremation machines, called retorts, and after two hours shows her how to rake the bones out of the machine. He leaves her to this task and goes to answer the phone. Alone with the remains, Doughty picks up Byron’s skull and it crumbles in her hand. She thinks about how one day her body will also disintegrate.
On Doughty’s second day at Westwind, she sees the body of a woman in her thirties named Padma, which is in a state of advanced decomposition. A “spidery white mold” (18) grows from her nose and covers half her face. Doughty tries to prove she can be as clinically detached as Mike, but the reality of working with corpses starts to hit her. Despite the disgust she sometimes feels, Doughty genuinely looks forward to encountering each new corpse. She gradually gets used to her daily routine: turning on the cremation retorts, going through cremation permits, selecting those bodies for each day’s cremations, then preparing the corpses for cremation.
Doughty always refuses help from Mike, wanting to prove that she can be trusted with her job. Once a body is ready for cremation, Doughty takes it to the retort and keeps an eye on it until the process is complete. When the body has finished burning, she must rake out the bones and put them in a machine called the Cremulator, which crushes the bones into a fine dust. She considers other cultures where bones are not reduced to dust but are instead incorporated into funerals. A layer of person dust constantly coats her while at work. When the bones are dust, they are added to the rest of the ash and placed in a sealed plastic bag in an urn.
Doughty grew up in Kaneohe, Oahu, Hawai’i. In early childhood, she “saw death only in cartoons and horror movies” (32), except for a dead pet fish. However, when she was eight years old, she saw a young girl fall 30 feet from a balcony at a mall. The sound of the girl hitting the floor haunted Doughty, and she understood for the first time in her life that one day she would die. Her parents never discussed the incident with her, and Doughty never learned whether the girl died. Her fear of death became so extreme that she developed symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as she tried to cope. Though she eventually grew out of the OCD symptoms, Doughty maintained a “thick layer of denial about death” (36) as a teenager.
As an adult, Doughty reflects that it is unusual in human history that a child could go eight years without encountering death directly. She wanted a job at a mortuary so that she could finally confront her fear of death. She imagines starting a funeral home called La Belle Mort, where funerals could be fun and the old “doom and gloom” (38) way of doing funerals could be done away with. She reasons that fear of death must come from these traditions and imagines a future where she can make death “safe, clean, and beautiful” (38) for children.
Doughty meets Chris, Westwind’s removal tech, whose job it is to fetch dead bodies from hospitals, homes, and coroners’ offices. Doughty immediately likes Chris upon meeting him. When Chris makes house calls to collect bodies, Doughty always goes with him to assist. On their first job together, Chris calmly talks Doughty through what to do while making it seem like he is explaining the process to the deceased’s family. Doughty appreciates this immensely, as she is nervous about messing up such a delicate operation.
Though she does at times help Chris with home body removals, most deaths do not happen at home anymore. Throughout the 20th century, death became medicalized. With the rise of comprehensive hospital systems, the act of dying was hidden from public sight. She recalls her time volunteering at a hospital as a teenager, where the morgue was in the basement, and dead bodies were hidden in false stretchers so as to not upset patients or families. Doughty enjoyed her time volunteering at the hospital, particularly when she got the opportunity to transport corpses.
Chris and Doughty retrieve the body of a 90-year-old woman who died peacefully at home. Her daughter is angry that they did not arrive sooner, because she believes that leaving her lying in her bed is undignified. Doughty reflects that death has been so hidden from view in America that when people do see a dead body, it is a spectacle and a scandal.
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes pulls back the curtain on an aspect of human existence that many people know little about. People don’t tend to think about the funeral industry if they can help it, even though death is virtually the only thing that all human beings have in common. Caitlin Doughty takes an uncommonly candid approach to difficult subject matter, avoiding euphemisms and denial while also focusing on the real over the sensational. There are aspects of her job that Doughty finds genuinely upsetting and disgusting, but there are also elements that are rewarding, fascinating, moving, and even funny.
In these chapters, Doughty is very early in her journey toward her Personal Acceptance of Death. She provides a vivid description of the childhood trauma that pushed her to develop an interest in death in the first place. Doughty’s parents never talked to her about the girl who fell at the mall, and she never even learned whether the girl survived or not. Prevailing cultural notions dictated that sweeping death out of sight was the best way to avoid emotional upset, particularly for a young child. For Doughty, the practice of hiding from death instead of engaging with it had profoundly negative psychological consequences. She became fascinated by death precisely because it was taboo to engage with it.
At this point in her story, Doughty still feels that engaging with death too directly might cause harm. Her idea of La Belle Mort seems like it would have helped her eight-year-old self, but she concludes that it is just another form of denial. Taking the horror out of death and making it nothing to fear is not the same as actively engaging with death as a natural and inevitable force. This is the same idea that Doughty mentions when she describes Mata Hari’s execution: Failing to look directly at death means never reclaiming power over it. It means allowing fear of death to win. Doughty explores the development of North American Death Culture in recent decades, especially its strong push toward death denial. Compared to earlier generations, North Americans today are more removed from death than ever. While this might mean less visceral disgust and discomfort in people’s daily lives, Doughty also believes that being removed from death makes people more afraid and less able to come to terms with their own experiences as humans.
Doughty details many of The Challenges of Working in the Death Industry, especially as a young person new to the job. Being a crematory operator is physically demanding, requiring Doughty to maneuver corpses through the funeral home and into the retorts. It is also difficult to find a job in the industry. Doughty worries constantly about doing something that will upset the loved ones of the corpses she cremates. When she shaves Byron, she worries that his family members will think she has done a bad job. When she does at-home body retrieval with Chris, she worries she will somehow offend everyone watching the corpse removal. While her experiences in these opening chapters are relatively tame, Doughty establishes that death workers are in danger of invoking people’s ire due to death culture and denial.
Perhaps the biggest challenge of working in the crematory Doughty highlights in these chapters is that some corpses are genuinely disgusting. Decomposition is a powerful force, and it is something Doughty initially finds quite shocking. On the website for The Order of the Good Death, Doughty has a section on how to start working in the funeral industry. She strongly cautions prospective death workers several times that the work is not for everyone. The emotional toll of working with the dead is not insignificant, particularly when dealing with corpses like Padma’s. Smoke Gets in Your Eyes has much to say about death acceptance, but it does not try to paint death as a simple or pleasant process. The realities of death and decomposition can be intense, though bodies like Padma’s are not the norm for those brought to funeral homes shortly after death. Despite these challenges, Doughty remains enthusiastic about her work and does not let the emotional toll of cremation get to her very often.



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