Pauline Bonaparte: Venus of Empire

Pauline Bonaparte: Venus of Empire (2009) is a biography by the British historian Flora Fraser. Its subject is Maria Paola “Pauline” Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte. Famous for her Bacchanalian lifestyle, Pauline conducted affairs with many prominent men of her day, possibly including her brother. She was also the most loyal of Napoleon’s many brothers and sisters, following him into exile on Elba.

Fraser opens her narrative in 1796, on the day of Pauline’s first wedding. The groom is General Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, a distinguished subordinate of Napoleon’s in the French Army of Italy—nicknamed “the blond Napoleon”—and a loyal Republican. Pauline is just 15, but already she is famed for her beauty. She is also famed for her capriciousness. Although Leclerc is besotted with his fiancée, many of his friends are less than thrilled for him. One writes that although Pauline is “the most beautiful person one could imagine, she [is] also the most unreasonable.”

Pauline, born Maria Paola, was known to her family as Paoletta. Her father, Carlo Buonaparte, was a Corsican ambassador to the French court, but after his death, the family’s fortunes fell rapidly. Her brother Lucien was accused of sedition and the Buonapartes had to flee to mainland France. When the British invaded Corsica, their income from their property was cut off, and later rumors suggested that the Buonaparte sisters took in laundry for a living.



During this time, Pauline fell in love with a wealthy older man, Stanislas Fréron, but her brother Napoleon—whose star in the French Army was rising—refused permission for the marriage. Instead, he suggested the marriage to his colleague Leclerc.

Their marriage was a happy one. The couple had a son, Dermide, and Leclerc remained besotted with his bride despite her repeated infidelities. Her friend the Duchesse d’Abrantès reported that Pauline could conduct three affairs at once. Craving the attention of her brother Napoleon, she was constantly jealous of her other sisters and of Napoleon’s wife, Josephine. Rumors abounded that Pauline might even have had a sexual affair with her brother, and Fraser concludes that the possibility cannot be ruled out. She suggests that it might even have been from Napoleon that Pauline contracted the venereal disease which would plague her in later life.

As Napoleon maneuvered for increased power, Leclerc was sidelined, and eventually, he was sent to Haiti, to suppress the slave rebellion of Toussaint L’Ouverture. The French campaign was a disaster. Leclerc, Pauline, and Dermide all contracted yellow fever, from which Leclerc died. Fraser points out that Pauline showed considerable sturdiness during this ordeal, staying with her husband when she could have fled. She also seems to have enjoyed herself, conducting affairs with many of her husband’s men, and perhaps—as rumor suggested—with local black men and even women.



She returned to a France in which her brother was now the absolute ruler. Casting about for a suitable husband, she lighted upon the Italian Prince Camillo Borghese. He was handsome and rich, and Napoleon approved the match as a means of shoring up relations with occupied Italy. Unfortunately, Camillo was also a “booby.” When Napoleon appointed him the ruler of the tiny principality of Guastalla, Pauline threatened to scratch out her brother’s eyes unless he gave her husband more power. Napoleon replied that her husband was an imbecile, to which Pauline rejoined: “True, but so what?”

Soon tiring of her husband, Pauline embarked on a 20-year series of affairs. Among her paramours, she counted the violinist Niccolò Paganini and—perhaps—the father of the novelist Alexandre Dumas (who once wrote of visiting her estate).

For much of her life, Pauline was troubled by health problems, and Fraser suggests that she probably suffered from salpingitis, an inflammation of the fallopian tubes. This condition is commonly caused by gonorrhea, and Fraser concludes that Pauline had probably contracted this venereal infection. Walking sometimes caused her pain, so Pauline insisted on being carried by her lovers wherever she went.



Her son Dermide died in 1804. This might have contributed to her increasing capriciousness and cruelty, which astonished observers. She was reported to spend some of each day standing with her naked feet on the throat of one of her ladies-in-waiting, apparently to show off her perfect toes. She demanded of one of her hosts that he cut a hole in the ceiling of the bathroom so she could enjoy a shower of milk.

A life of luxury did nothing to take the edge off her toughness, however. When Napoleon was defeated and driven into exile on Elba, Pauline was the only one of his siblings to accompany him. To cheer him up, she ran his household as a miniature version of the luxury they had left behind, organizing balls, plays, and tea parties.

After one of her parties, Napoleon took her aside and told her that he planned to sail for France to restore himself as Emperor. She gave him the famous Borghese diamond necklace—worth half a million francs—to help fund his expedition. The necklace was hidden in the lining of the carriage Napoleon was forced to abandon at Waterloo. It has never been found.



When Napoleon was exiled again, to St. Helena, Pauline retreated to the Palazzo Borghese—after first persuading the Pope to pressure her husband into evicting his mistress—where she attempted to secure her brother better treatment. She was making arrangements to join him there when news of his death reached the mainland.

Pauline died of stomach cancer. On her deathbed, she cut off the priest to deliver a sermon of her own and then lectured her maid about how to lay her out. She was interred in the Borghese family vault.