An ancient Greek philosopher whose ideas, particularly the syllogism, are critiqued by Bacon for being dogmatic and sophistic, forming a central element in Bacon's argument against existing epistemological foundations.

An ancient Greek philosopher, often mentioned by Bacon as an example of skepticism and occasionally utilized to support Bacon's ideas through his methods of induction.

An English scientist, philosopher, and physician criticized by Bacon for focusing too narrowly on empirical observations, likening him to alchemists in his approach to scientific study.

An Italian polymath praised by Bacon for his work with the telescope, which serves as a positive example of scientific progress and the extension of human senses.

A historical explorer whose example of conviction in discovering new lands is used by Bacon to parallel his own pursuit of new scientific frontiers.

Modern theologians are criticized by Bacon for merging science and religion incorrectly, while biblical figures like Daniel and Solomon are referenced to support his views on scientific inquiry within a Christian framework.