Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave

“Martha Washington allowed only those slaves she felt to be the most polished and intelligent to toil within the walls of the main house.”

Dunbar’s condemnation of Martha Washington’s character begins early. She sets Martha up as arrogant and unaware of how her arrogance might be a poor quality. The juxtaposition of allowing a “polished and intelligent” enslaved individual to “toil” tells the audience everything Dunbar wants them to know about Martha.

“This girl child would come to represent the complexity of slavery, the limits of black freedom, and the revolutionary sentiments held by many Americans.”

Figures in Never Caught are used as symbols, and Dunbar states her intention to employ this device right from the beginning. In no uncertain terms, she announces that Judge represents far more than just the central figure of her own life–she is a symbol of slavery and freedom as a whole as it existed in the United States.

“Mrs. Washington and Ona Judge may have shared similar concerns, but of course only Martha Washington was allowed to express discontent and sorrow.”

Slavery’s dehumanizing effects are psychological as well as physical. Dunbar juxtaposes Martha and Judge’s feelings to demonstrate that part of Judge’s bondage includes the lack of freedom to externally express emotions and the need to internalize the trauma of slavery.