40 pages 1 hour read

Less Is Lost

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2022

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Part 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2 Summary: “Southwest”

Arthur stumbles his way through an interview in German. The interviewer asks him if he’s nervous to work with H.H.H. Mandern, an iconic and beloved fantasy writer who is notoriously erratic.

On the flight to Palm Springs, a buzzing noise worries the passengers. The plane decides to make an emergency landing. Arthur realizes that the buzzing sound is his electric razor turned on in the luggage in the overhead compartment. The razor has also shredded the one sweater Arthur packed.

Arthur is driven to H.H.H. Mandern’s event. Arthur first met and interviewed Mandern two years earlier at a literary event. Mandern is known for being late; Arthur hops onto his Prize committee call while he waits for him. Arthur has heard of the other writers on the committee but has never read their work. The chair is Arthur’s literary nemesis Finley Dwyer, who once called Arthur a “bad gay.” The committee stumbles through an awkward conversation of what type of writer they’re hoping will win the Prize.

Arthur thinks about Finley’s accusation that Arthur is a “bad gay.” Arthur recalls moving to New York City as a young man. He had tried to become active with pro-gay political activities and cultural events, but couldn’t keep up with the sexual promiscuity that was popular at the time, and left New York.

Mandern is late for his event. Arthur is asked to begin by reading his own work. Mandern’s fans heckle Arthur, and the experience recalls his father Lawrence selling from a stage. Arthur reads but is cut off by Mandern’s arrival. After the event, Mandern tells Arthur that the profile is canceled. Arthur reminds him that their interviews are supposed to end in Santa Fe. Mandern is looking for someone and proposes that if Arthur helps him find her, they can get to Santa Fe. At 85 years old, Mandern doesn’t fly.

Mandern, his dog Dolly, and Arthur drive a camper van, “Rosina.” Arthur struggles behind the wheel of the large and clunky vehicle. They stop in the desert at a place called Bombay Beach, where there is no beach, and stay in the Ski Inn, where there is no skiing. Arthur is uncomfortable in his new surroundings. Freddy describes Arthur as the kind of person who “[i]n thoroughly American settings—a football stadium, a beer-and-television bar, a railroad-car diner—where most citizens relax among their own kind, finally free of foreign entanglements, Less sits bolt upright, looking as if he were not actually there” (65). At a bar, Less tries to ask Mandern questions for the profile, but Mandern insists on swapping stories. Mandern asks about Arthur’s father. Arthur calls Freddy to check in: “[…] [d]uring our traditional goodbye, there is worry beneath the words” (68).

As they go to sleep in tents, Mandern tells Arthur that they’re looking for Mandern’s daughter.

Freddy thinks about the time he and Arthur went camping. They had to make their own boat out of logs and had a difficult time.

Arthur and Mandern continue their drive. Arthur tells Mandern that his father left when Arthur was just a kid. Lawrence had been a motivational speaker and headed a Ponzi scheme. He ran away when the cops were after him, and Arthur never heard from him again. In explaining why Mandern is taking an unusually long time on his novel, Mandern alludes to Homer’s The Odyssey and Penelope’s constant weaving on the loom to avoid marrying any of her suitors.

They stop at a gorge called Ambrogio, a small hippie arts commune. Arthur is given a teepee to sleep in below the construction of a Universal Appreciation Platform. Mandern introduces Arthur to Arathusa, whose philosophy is “Know no no” (45). Arthur is confused about this philosophy and because he doesn’t see it spelled out, he doesn’t know what Arathusa is saying. Rebecca calls Arthur to tell him that their long-absent father called her from New Mexico. She’s worried that Lawrence is dying. Arthur admits that Robert’s death has hit him particularly hard: Robert was always the grown-up he could rely on to fix things when Arthur was lost or messed up.

Arthur goes to the commune’s hot springs. He’s naked and believes it’s a naked hot spring, but the other swimmers are clothed. Arthur is thrilled that they are German and seizes the chance to practice his very bad German. They share weed blueberries with Arthur and tell him about the broken pipe they fixed to make the hot springs, warning him not to touch the pipe in case it floods the compound. They are surprised that Arthur’s never kissed a girl, and one of the women kisses him. They ask him about his first kiss with a man.

Arthur was in college when he first kissed a boy; he had recently come to terms with his sexuality and met a group of boys who were also in the beginning stages of figuring out their gay identity. He and his friend Reilly kissed at a party, then Reilly immediately threw up. Arthur tried reaching out to Reilly afterward, but Reilly never spoke to him again. Arthur went through a series of first dates with men who weren’t kind to him. Robert was the first man to be loving and Arthur found himself in a relationship with him: “Robert was not young. And by the time the relationship was over, fifteen years later, neither was Arthur Less. Let us admit Less never had what he wanted—will never have what he wanted. Will never be young with someone and in love” (91).

Arthur wakes up in the middle of the night and realizes he forgot to call Freddy. He ponders the night sky above him, the stars, and the unknowability of the universe. Arthur realizes something is wrong. He’s woken up on the Universal Appreciation Platform, and as he looks out, he sees that Ambrogio has become a lake. Arthur is expelled from Ambrogio for tampering with the broken pipe and the water system, flooding the commune.

Arthur and Mandern restart their drive. Arthur is anxious to get Mandern to the event in Santa Fe and complete the profile, but Mandern instructs him to drive toward Navajo Nation. He asks Arthur if he would forgive his father, if Lawrence came out of nowhere and asked. Mandern wants his daughter to forgive him. Arthur’s agent calls to let him know that he needs to be in Louisiana on Tuesday for the staging of one of his short stories. An anonymous donor has just given money to ensure Arthur’s attendance.

A Navajo guide named Delbert brings Mandern and Arthur down the canyon on donkeys. They reach a trailer, where Mandern finds his daughter Lacey. Arthur receives a text from his father, who says he’s excited to see Arthur in the South and support Arthur’s literary endeavors. As Arthur and Mandern roll into Santa Fe, they agree that being a writer is worth the pain.

At the convention center for Mandern’s event, Mandern tells Arthur to take the camper van on his travels. He asks that Arthur also bring Dolly so Dolly can have an adventure while Mandern returns to Palm Springs. Mandern is losing steam and panics about his health. However, he takes to the stage with a lot of energy and inspires the roaring crowd with his storytelling, reminding Arthur of Robert. 

Part 2 Analysis

Arthur Less begins a journey. Greer creates a parallel with The Odyssey, referencing it in both Parts 1 and 2. Arthur Less, like Odysseus and Telemachus in The Odyssey, is on a hero’s quest. Joseph Campbell, an American author, coined the term “the hero’s journey,” identifying it in literature of different cultures and time periods. The hero’s journey is the story of a hero leaving and returning home. Along the way, the hero is aided by supernatural forces, such as the goddess Athena in The Odyssey, and secondary characters, such as Homer’s Nestor.

In The Odyssey, Odysseus wants to return home after the Trojan War and a series of mishaps that last years. Odysseus’s home is under siege by a host of suitors threatening to marry his wife Penelope and take over his throne. Arthur’s odyssey is comic. He leaves in order to procure back rent, thereby saving both his home and his life with Freddy. A host of secondary characters like H.H.H. Mandern propel his journey. There is no supernatural deity helping him, but the omniscient narrative voice of Freddy and Freddy’s constant support of Arthur suggests that Freddy takes on the role of Athena. The goal of an odyssey is not only to complete the mission, but to learn something new and evolve along the way. Arthur’s journey is both about his destination and the process of getting there. Through him, Greer underscores The Importance of the Journey.

The odyssey in Less Is Lost echoes an American trope: The cross-country road trip. America is a culture tied to land identity. From its inception as an agrarian nation, the Jeffersonian ideals of individualism, ownership, and reaping one’s own future have remained implanted. The United States is a vast country with different cultural and regional landscapes. American literature explores and romanticizes the national terrain, such as seen in the works of Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Jack Kerouac, and Andrew Sean Greer.

Arthur doesn’t want to go on a great American adventure, but he is forced to out of financial necessity. He has a fraught relationship with his American identity. Freddy describes him as being out of place in America, as much a foreigner in his home country as he was in Europe. In part, this is a commentary on the country’s diversity; Arthur has lived long enough in San Francisco that anywhere outside of his bubble feels like a new country. Freddy also implies that Arthur is an awkward person no matter where he is, a character who doesn’t fit into any setting. This explains why Arthur is so uncomfortable on his own. Without Freddy, he doesn’t know how to be himself free of judgment.

Arthur is a deeply self-conscious person in spite of being middle-aged. He still questions himself constantly and wonders about his worthiness, both as a person and as a writer. His identity as an author is one he struggles to understand. His moderate success as a novelist comes as a surprise to him, in part because he spent much of his life in Robert Brownburn’s shadow. He feels out of place on the literary prize committee, unsure if he should be part of the conversation about what makes good literature.

Arthur’s writerly identity is a fictionalized, semi-autobiographical version of Greer’s. Greer spent years as a novelist with little success, until the first novel about Arthur Less, Less (2017), won him the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Writing a novel about a novelist who thinks about writing and the publishing world adds a layer of metafiction to the story, pointing at its own artifice. Greer celebrates literature while also highlighting the absurdities of the publishing industry. The conversations the prize committee have are highly subjective, the committee picks at the submissions with heavy bias. Greer emphasizes that literature is subjective, and that deciding what makes good literature is pointless. Arthur’s relationship with the committee is further complicated by the leader, Finley, who once accused Arthur of being a “bad gay.”

What does it mean to be a “bad gay?” Arthur worries disproportionately about Finley’s accusation. Arthur has struggled to fit into the gay community; he believes he was slow, not just in discovering that he was gay, but in developing sexual and romantic relationships with other men. Does this make Arthur a “bad gay?” Essentially, Greer poses this question as yet another example of absurdism. There is no answer because the question itself, and the accusation, are silly and meaningless. But Arthur takes it to heart, emphasizing his self-consciousness and the insidious ways we allow others to make us question ourselves. Through him, Greer emphasizes the importance of Authenticity and Self-Acceptance.

Part 2 also reveals the specter of Arthur’s father. Along with his other stresses, Arthur now contends with the possibility of seeing Lawrence decades after his abandonment. Mandern’s reunion with his daughter provides a parallel plot. Mandern is eager to amend his relationship with his daughter before he dies, with his approaching death implied by his age and unwillingness to finish his latest book. Greer foreshadows the possibility Arthur and Lawrence’s reunion will not happen. We see this when Arthur flashbacks to his childhood, in which he watches his father disappear.

The first leg of Arthur’s journey is rife with comedy. The razor tearing apart his sweater and forcing an emergency landing foreshadows the chaos of his impending and unexpected journey. Of the incident, Freddy says, “such is love,” (54) implying that the razor and sweater mean that love is sometimes about devouring one’s companion. Arthur desperately wants to avoid humiliation but can’t escape it. Greer presents these situations humorously. We also have oxymorons, such as the beachless Bombay Beach and the Ski-less Ski Inn, capturing the absurdity of the novel’s world.

Part 2 is a comedy of errors, where a series of events are ridiculous by the way they keep going wrong. The emergency plane landing begins this comedy, followed closely by Mandern’s late entrance to his own event, his bringing Arthur along on an unexpected and absurd road trip, Arthur’s flooding of Ambrogio, and unexpected hailstorms in Navajo nation. Greer emphasizes that our expectations of how life should go are often based in fallacy. Life doesn’t go as planned, so it’s better to laugh than fight to control it. 

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