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The Death of King Arthur: The Immortal Legend

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1485

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Book 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 4: “The Adventure of the Holy Grail”

Book 4, Chapter 1 Summary: “The Miracle of the Holy Grail”

On the eve of Pentecost, a woman rides into Camelot, sent by King Pelles and asking for Lancelot. Lancelot rides with her to a convent of nuns in the middle of a forest. His cousins, Sir Bors and Sir Lionel, meet him there. The nuns bring out a young man who is very fit and handsome; this is Galahad. The young man is knighted the next day but will not accompany the others back to Camelot because he says he is not ready.

Back in Camelot, Lancelot and all the knights notice writing on a chair (the Perilous Seat) that says a worthy knight must occupy it 454 years after Christ’s death. Those present observe that this is that year. Later that same day, the day of the feast of Pentecost, a sword embedded in a stone floats along in the river below the castle. The sword has writing on it that stipulates only the best knight in the world can claim it. Lancelot acknowledges that it is not his, and a few other knights try to grab the sword but cannot. Lancelot observes that this is the day on which will begin the quest for the Holy Grail.

An old man miraculously appears in the main hall alongside a man clothed in red armor; the old man announces that the latter is a descendent of Joseph of Arimathea. The man in red sits in the Perilous Seat, and the writing suddenly changes; now it says it is Galahad’s seat, and the man in the red armor is Galahad. The old man departs, and all the knights stare at Galahad.

Lancelot is happy to be with Galahad and realizes Galahad is his son. Guinevere also comes into the hall and recognizes Galahad as the son of Lancelot and King Pelles’s daughter, who seduced Lancelot with magic. Arthur welcomes Galahad.

A woman rides in warning Lancelot that he is no longer the best knight in the world since that title now belongs to Galahad. The woman leaves, and Arthur, recognizing the quest for the Holy Grail is beginning, solemnly declares a tournament because this will be the last time all the knights of the Round Table are together. During the tournament, Guinevere becomes even more certain that Galahad is Lancelot’s child.

Later, back at the castle, the assembled knights have a spiritual vision in which the Holy Grail, covered with a cloth, appears amid a blinding light in the hall. After the vision fades, the knights begin to prepare for their quest. When Arthur laments that many knights will die in the search, Lancelot comforts him and says it is all for a great and noble cause. Nacien, a hermit, appears and instructs the knights to take no women with them on the quest. Guinevere is heartbroken when Lancelot leaves her. The knights of the Round Table embark, and each goes in the direction that seems best to him.

Book 4, Chapter 2: “The Quest Begins”

Galahad meets Bagdemagus and Uwain at an abbey where there is a magic shield that brings misfortune to any who wield it except the greatest knight in the world. Wanting to test himself, Bagdemagus takes up the shield but is soon seriously injured in a contest with an anonymous white knight. The shield passes to Galahad, who rides out seeking more adventures.

Galahad encounters the white knight, who tells him the story of how Joseph of Arimathea met King Evelake of Sarras 32 years after Christ’s death and how a shield was made for the king that had magic powers to heal those wounded in battle. After Joseph of Arimathea traveled to Great Britain, he used his own blood to draw a cross on the shield, prophesying that the shield would pass into the hands of Galahad, his descendent. After telling Galahad these things, the white knight vanishes.

Back at the abbey where the shield came from, Galahad approaches a tomb; a ghost emerges out of smoke and addresses Galahad before disappearing. Galahad commands the bones of the knight buried in that tomb be brought up becausee of the presence of the ghost, which indicates that the man buried there was unholy. The following day, Galahad knights his squire, whose name is Melias, and the two ride in search of the Holy Grail until they come to a crossroads where each path bears an ancient warning. Melias takes the left road.

Melias comes to a lodge where a table is set with food and a crown. When Melias takes the crown, a knight appears, challenging him. Melias loses the contest and is badly wounded, but Galahad, who has been following him in case of trouble, comes to his aid. He fights two knights and wins before taking Melias back to the abbey to recover. There, Galahad learns that the left-hand path, which they took, stands for sin and unbelief in Jesus Christ; the two knights Galahad fought against represent greed and theft.

At an ancient stone chapel, a voice tells Galahad to go to the Castle of Sorrow. After crossing the River Severn, Galahad fights seven knights and wins. An old monk then gives him the keys to the Castle of Sorrow. Once inside, Galahad is handed a golden horn that will summon all the knights who owe service to that castle. A priest inside the castle explains to Galahad that the seven knights he earlier defeated had murdered the original lord of the castle, Duke Lianour. They also murdered the duke’s son and raped and killed the duke’s daughter. Galahad blows the horn, summoning the knights to support the castle against the seven cruel knights. However, news reaches them that the seven knights have already been killed by Gawain, Gareth, and Uwain.

Galahad leaves the Castle of Sorrow and comes to a spot in the forest where he meets with Sir Lancelot and Sir Percival, but neither recognizes Galahad. Galahad fights against both of them when challenged and wins. He then rides off. A female spectator comments to the two beaten knights that the victor is the best knight in the world; they both realize it was Galahad they fought.

Lancelot is depressed by this and rides into the forest until he comes to a chapel, which he is unable to enter. He sleeps at the chapel door and has a dream that his horse and armor are stolen. When he wakes up to find his belongings gone, he realizes it was more than a dream. A voice from inside the abbey addresses him condemningly, and Lancelot confesses that he is a sinful man. He leaves the chapel and wanders more in the forest.

At a hermitage, Lancelot speaks to a hermit who further reproaches the knight for his sins, causing Lancelot to again confess. The sin Lancelot specifically confesses is his 14-year devotion to Guinevere, King Arthur’s wife. The hermit makes Lancelot promise he will never again enter the queen’s presence.

At another chapel, Lancelot finds a corpse clothed in white wool lying on a slab above which there suddenly appears a ghost or demon. When asked, the demon tells Lancelot that the dead man’s soul is in heaven, even though his white wool clothing marked an infraction of his saintly oath; he also explains to Lancelot how the dead man endured fire for almost three days before dying. The demon vanishes, and Lancelot asks the priest of the chapel how he can continue his quest for the Holy Grail, considering how sinful a man he is. The priest tells Lancelot to take a piece of the dead man’s shirt with him and to avoid eating meat or drinking wine.

Back in the forest, Lancelot falls asleep and has another vision, this time of a king and knights receiving heavenly blessing except for one among them, who is condemned. Lancelot wakes and travels on. He comes across the thieves who stole his belongings, challenges them, and regains his horse, armor, and weaponry.

At another chapel, a hermit explains Lancelot’s vision to him; the one knight who was condemned is in fact King Ban, Lancelot’s father.

Lancelot rides on to a plain and finds two groups of battling knights, one dressed all in white and the other dressed all in black. Seeing the black knights are the weaker of the two, Lancelot joins them and fights until being overtaken by the white knights and expelled from the battle. The black knights are then swiftly defeated. Riding past a chapel, Lancelot encounters a woman who scolds Lancelot for having fought on the side of the black knights. Allegorically, the woman says, the battle was one between righteousness and sin, and Lancelot, because of pride, opted to join the sinful side. She warns Lancelot that this bodes ill for his quest of the Holy Grail. Then Lancelot departs and crosses a dangerous river called Mortaise.

Book 4, Chapter 3 Summary: “The Quest Goes On”

Galahad rides on and briefly joins a group of knights defending a castle against attackers who, without Galahad knowing it, include Gawain and Ector. Galahad seriously wounds Gawain, and the latter recognizes this as a fulfillment of prophecy.

At the Castle of Corbenic, a lady summons Galahad to join her on a noble adventure. The two ride out to the sea and there find Sir Bors and Sir Percival on a boat. They all sail until they come to a dangerous whirlpool; their only hope of deliverance is a nearby boat, but it will only save those who board it with perfect faith. The lady reveals herself to be Percival’s sister. Aboard the boat of faith, the group comes upon a room with provisions, including the Sword with the Strong Strokes, which bears writing indicating its inability to be useful in the hands of any but the worthiest knight. Percival’s sister explains the sword’s backstory: how it was used by King Hurlaine, who fell dead shortly after, against King Labor, father of the Maimed King (Galahad’s grandfather). This deed became known as the Dolorous Stroke. Galahad takes up the sword, and the knights and lady return to their prior boat.

The group sails on to Castle Carteloise in Scotland where, after being attacked, the three knights slaughter nearly every man on the premises. A priest explains afterward that the castle was a place of murder, rape, and incest. The knights understand their victory to be from God. They rescue the imprisoned king, Hernox, who then dies peacefully.

Galahad, Bors, Percival, and Percival’s sister then journey into a forest and see a vision of four lions gently leading a white deer. This represents Christ and the four Gospel writers in the New Testament.

At a castle, knights adhering to an ancient custom requiring the blood of a virgin threaten Percival’s sister. Galahad and his companions fight almost superhumanly against dozens of enemies until the men of the castle relent and permit the group to enter without harming the lady. When Percival’s sister learns that a sick woman lies on her deathbed in the castle, she volunteers to donate her blood to save the sick woman, but this leads to her death. She asks her brother Percival to bury her in a boat that will take her to the island of Sarras.

Book 4, Chapter 4 Summary: “Lancelot and Galahad”

While crossing the river Mortaise, Lancelot boards the boat that bears Percival’s dead sister. He stays aboard, feeling nourished and refreshed by the Holy Spirit, until he arrives on land and reunites with Galahad. For half a year, father and son sail together, enjoying each other’s company and the respite from the quest for the Holy Grail. Eventually, a white knight summons Galahad to continue the quest, and he leaves. Lancelot continues his life at sea.

 

Lancelot comes upon a castle guarded only by two lions. When he tries to enter with his sword drawn, a dwarf knocks him down and scolds him for trusting in his weapons instead of in God. Lancelot again attempts to enter the castle, this time with his sword sheathed, and the lions do nothing more than growl at him. Inside the castle (later revealed to be Corbenic), Lancelot sees the Holy Grail through a doorway but cannot enter the room. When he tries to—he sees an old priest wobbling unsteadily amid a great vision of bright light and angels singing, and he wants to help—Lancelot falls unconscious for 24 days. When he wakes up, his caretakers tell him that this is the end of his quest.

Book 4, Chapter 5 Summary: “The Miracle of Galahad”

After proving himself stronger than a magic well of lust, Galahad enters the land of Gore and comes to the Abbey of the High Dead, where he prays for the salvation of a dead soul who sinned against Joseph of Arimathea.

Galahad, Percival, and Bors arrive at King Pelles’s castle, the Castle of Corbenic, where Lancelot saw the Holy Grail. They find the shattered spear that wounded the Maimed King, and Galahad restores the spear to its original form.

The group finds a room where the Maimed King lies ill. There they witness a vision in which angels enter the room, carrying symbolic relics and even the Holy Grail itself. The knights are seated at a table and offered spiritual nourishment. Christ appears and blesses Galahad, also instructing him to go to the island of Sarras: The Grail needs to be relocated on account of the people’s sin in that place. One of the relics heals the Maimed King.

At sea, the group boards a derelict boat and there finds the Holy Grail. Galahad prays for a long time and then sleeps. When he wakes, he sees they have arrived at the island of Sarras and that Percival’s sister’s boat is there as well.

The king of Sarras, Estorause, is a wicked man suffering from a long illness, but when he confesses and repents, he dies immediately. Galahad is named king of Sarras, and he constructs a shrine in which he places the Holy Grail for safekeeping. At the end of one year, Galahad sees a vision of Jesus Christ and receives communion from the son of Joseph of Arimathea, who announces to Galahad that his time has come. The Holy Grail disappears and is never seen again. Galahad dies and is buried by Bors and Percival. Percival dies one year later and is buried beside his sister. Sir Bors survives, returns to Camelot, and describes everything he witnessed to Arthur and Lancelot.

Book 4 Analysis

This section marks the greatest test to Arthur’s court. Though the knights of the Round Table have proven themselves before, this mission pushes each man to his extremes. For starters, no women are allowed on the journey (though women do play a significant role); the knights can no longer refer their actions and thoughts to a lady. This quest, therefore, takes them deeper into themselves and challenges the purity of their devotion to religious ideals of righteousness and piety.

This quest also introduces Galahad, the son of Lancelot and Elaine (Pelles’s daughter), who ultimately surpasses Lancelot in greatness but whose knighthood is short-lived. As the son of Lancelot, Galahad already possesses the physical strength and renown of the highest quality of knight, but since Lancelot’s complicated commitment to Guinevere stains him, Galahad is able to surpass his father in holiness. Galahad in a certain sense is a better knight than Lancelot, but since he functions as a thinly developed figure brought in specifically to accomplish the task of attaining the Holy Grail, he ranks secondarily to Lancelot from a narrative perspective. It is Lancelot whose knighthood marks a fuller portrait of all the features of courtly conduct, including the tensions inherent within it.

Much is made of Lancelot’s sinfulness in this section. He is ultimately incapable of attaining the Holy Grail, though he does find and glimpse it, because of his adulterous devotion to Guinevere. Ordinarily, the code of chivalry permitted a knight to choose for his devoted lady a married woman. However, Lancelot’s behavior toward Guinevere extends beyond courtly devotion into romantic love, and Guinevere also happens to be married to the king to whom Lancelot owes his allegiance; Lancelot’s devotion thus pushes the boundary of what is acceptable for a knight. His penitence over this sheds light on the more devout side of his character. Lancelot’s devotion to religious ideals wars against his love for Guinevere.

Piety and martial excellence also come into conflict in Lancelot’s journey (it is worth noting that the Christian elements of chivalry were likely grafted on to preexisting feudal/warrior codes in an attempt to “domesticate” knights, or at least direct warfare outward towards non-Christians). In the story of the white and black knights, Lancelot joins the black knights because he sees they are the weaker party. It is good and courteous behavior to help out the weaker party, but Lancelot learns that this was in fact prideful behavior on his part and that the black knights represent wickedness. It is possible, then, for a knight to take his commitment to chivalry too far and, in pursuit of righteous living, turn bad. Lancelot is here accused of arrogance and of trying to be the best instead of trying to do his best.

Lancelot’s child is successful in finding the Holy Grail, first in King Pelles’s castle (Galahad’s birthplace) and later aboard a ship at sea. Galahad is named king of a small province and lives for one more year before his soul ascends to heaven, along with the Grail. This not only ends the quest but marks the end of an era for the Round Table since so many knights died or separated in their search for this lost relic.

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