An ancient philosopher whose theory of justice revolves around understanding the purpose of social practices, and Sandel dedicates a chapter to discussing these views.

A seminal philosopher known for his theory of rights based on human dignity and rationality, who also emphasized the moral distinction between humans and objects.

An American political philosopher who offered a theory of justice based on principles agreed upon in an initial situation of equality and evolved this theory in his later work, Political Liberalism.

A philosopher associated with utilitarianism who attempted to balance individual rights with utilitarian principles, particularly noted for his work On Liberty.

An English philosopher who established the doctrine of utilitarianism and proposed controversial social reforms to maximize happiness.

An Austrian economist and philosopher critical of the welfare state, arguing that it undermines a free society.

An American economist advocating for laissez-faire economics and critiquing many state activities as infringements on individual freedom, though he recognized certain social inequalities.

A philosopher known for his work Anarchy, State and Utopia, in which he defends a minimal state focused on protecting individual rights.

An Enlightenment political theorist who argued that commercializing civic duties compromises freedom.

A philosopher known for his advocacy of property rights and limited government, with a theory of inalienable rights that incorporates religious elements.

A legal philosopher known for his rights-based philosophy, making arguments in favor of affirmative action from a perspective similar to Rawls, focusing on the fairness of different admissions criteria.