53 pages 1 hour read

Freedom

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2010

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Part 3, Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3: “2004”

Part 3, Chapter 1 Summary: “Mountaintop Removal”

The narrative switches to Richard’s point of view and jumps forward in time to 2004. This section begins with a lengthy list of Richard’s struggles while recording the second album with Walnut Surprise. During the successful tour, Richard spends too much money partying. He eventually winds up in rehab after driving under the influence of alcohol. He tells the band he is broke and goes back to building decks, which he sees as the only alternative to suicide. The commercial success of Nameless Lake takes away some of the independent prestige he craves. Rather than being honored by a Grammy award and an NPR listenership, Richard feels humiliated.

His third roofing client is a devoted fan of the Traumatics who is disappointed when Richard is reluctant to talk about his career. He is now averse to both sex and music and no longer believes that anyone can change his life. He has also  been celibate for two months. He runs into Zachary, the client’s son, who wants to interview him for his blog in order to impress a girl named Caitlyn. Richard agrees, intending to have sex with Caitlyn to wound Zachary.

The text of the interview with Zachary follows. Richard covers many of his independent music, anti-corporate-rock talking points and sarcastically says that he is going to jump into Republican politics. Walter calls him that evening and leaves a message, saying he will be in town tomorrow. They have not spoken in two years.

Richard returns the call. Walter is shocked that Richard is doing deck work again. He wants to meet with Richard for a proposal and says that if Richard accepts, he will be working with Lalitha, Walter’s assistant. The next day, Richard is surprised to see Lalitha’s attention to Walter, who is obviously more confident than Richard has ever seen him. Lalitha tells Richard about the Cerulean Mountain Trust, the organization Walter is working on behalf of.

The Cerulean Mountain Trust is funded by an coal magnate named Vin Haven. Haven and his wife Kiki are bird lovers; they want to preserve the declining cerulean warbler, a species of songbirds. To that end, Haven wants to create a preserve in partnership with the coal companies. He thinks they will help with the preserve if they are allowed to continue coal mining in the bird’s habitat. However, if the warbler becomes an endangered species, the coal miners will no longer be able to work in the West Virginia region that is the warbler’s natural habitat. To that end, they will create a hundred-square mile region called Haven’s Hundred in West Virginia. The Trust will permit mountaintop removal (MTR) and mining on one third of the land.

Allocating the land for the reserve will require 200 families to vacate their homes and move. Walter tells Richard that Vin Haven was not entirely honest with the families. Haven is friends with Dick Cheney, the then-Vice President of the United States. In 2001, Cheney promised Haven that President Bush would soon change the laws about how natural gas can be taken from the earth, which would mean that coal could be mined from nearly anywhere in West Virginia. Haven has already been buying mineral rights in the region and plans to use the Warbler Trust as a cover operation. Richard is surprised by Walter’s anger, and the topic changes to overpopulation, which is one of Lalitha’s passion projects.

Walter lists the causes of the warbler’s decline, including overpopulation and death by cats, who kill over a billion birds each year. Richard says he will consider helping with a music festival to support the cause. Outside, he asks if Walter knows that Lalitha is in love with him. A young man approaches on the subway platform and tells Richard he is a fan. Afterwards, Richard describes his love-hate relationship with fame to Walter. Walter reveals that Patty has been depressed and is working at a gym. She is also writing something, but Walter does not know what it is. In fact, Patty now exercises obsessively and often asks Walter why he is not having sex with Lalitha yet. Walter says she does not talk to Lalitha and hates anyone under 30. He is hurt that Richard hasn’t been in touch, and that he owes them for providing inspiration for Nameless Lake. Richard cannot entirely disagree and decides that he is going to do a favor for Walter. During their discussion, Richard says, “Integrity's a neutral value. Hyenas have integrity, too. They’re pure hyena” (230).

Part 3, Chapter 2 Summary: “Womanland”

Joey goes to the University of Virginia as a freshman, filled with optimism. One month later, terrorists attack the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001. Joey spends the next month feeling inconvenienced and lonely, then develops an intense “personal resentment” (232) with regard to the attacks. Now that his plans to find a new girlfriend have been derailed as everyone fixates on 9/11, Joey tells Connie she can visit, even though they agreed not to see each other for nine months as a gauge of their feelings. Connie’s devotion to him is as strong as ever. When she arrives, they smoke marijuana, and he encourages her to go to college. She agrees, but only because it is what he wants. When she leaves, they agree not to talk for one week.

Over the next few weeks, Joey makes friends over the next few weeks with right-wing students. At night, he works at the Reserve Desk at the science library. Connie’s mother, Carol, calls him one night at work to tell him that he broke Connie’s heart. Shocked by how cold he is, Carol begins to understand why Patty had trouble with him. Then she says that Connie is depressed and pregnant, and that Joey has used them all. She demands that he visit at Thanksgiving. After their conversation, Joey calls Patty, and they have a trivial conversation. She agrees to send him a check but says that she will not tell Walter, since Joey values his financial independence. After the call, Joey sobs. He recalls Patty’s stories about Eliza, and about the rape.

Joey talks about his family with Jonathan, his roommate who is Jewish. They argue about Israel and terrorism. Jonathan is excited to learn that Joey is one-quarter Jewish, and he invites him to Thanksgiving at his family home. 

Joey calls Connie. She admits to being depressed but promises she is better now. She reminds him that it is okay if he sleeps with other girls, and then they have phone sex. He is torn about wanting to go back for Thanksgiving, but he also wants to go to Jonathan’s home. Regardless, he goes to Thanksgiving with Jonathan, hoping to meet his sister, Jenna, a beautiful college student. Joey has been taking pictures of her off of Jonathan’s computer without Jonathan’s knowledge. Jenna has a boyfriend named Nick who works in a high-powered finance job. Jonathan’s father is the president of a right-wing think tank and writes constantly about radical Islam.

Jenna is the most beautiful person Joey has ever seen. They plan a shopping trip to New York; he and Jonathan will tag along, and they will all stay at Nick’s apartment while he is traveling for work. While Jonathan’s father lectures about Islam, Palestine, and America at dinner, Joey challenges him on a couple of points about whether Iraq has nuclear weapons. Downstairs, Jonathan’s father challenges Jonathan and Joey to Cowboy Pool, and then invites Joey to apply for a job at his Institute. In the morning, Joey calls his aunt Abigail—Patty’s sister—to ask if they can meet in New York when he visits.

Jenna brings a friend named Bethany on the trip. Joey goes out alone that night and calls Connie. In the morning, he talks with Jenna, who seems to find him slightly charming. She says her family does not like Nick because he’s Catholic.

Four weeks later, Joey housesits for Abigail in Manhattan. He briefly recalls meeting Abigail a couple of weeks earlier; she had been self-centered and quirky. Soon, he is bored with housesitting. He calls Connie and says he will buy her a bus ticket to come stay with him. He is happy to see her, but she soon reveals some disturbing information. She has quit her job to visit him. Also, she told Patty she was coming to visit him, and Patty did not know he is staying in Abigail’s apartment. Connie wants to look at colleges closer to Joey. Finally, she tells him that she has a trust fund. After they have sex, Joey gets an email from Jenna, inviting him over to talk to Nick about Wall Street.

Part 3, Chapter 3 Summary: “The Nice Man’s Anger”

Walter and Lalitha drive through West Virginia. Walter hates every SUV he sees, but this is nothing new. He seems to be angrier every day. Lalitha wants to go out celebrating that night and is shocked that Walter has never had a drink of alcohol. They are celebrating because that afternoon, they took a big step on the Cerulean Mountain Trust deal. They finalized the mountaintop removal of 14,000 acres, which will then be used for the reserve afterwards.

Walter does not feel celebratory. Rather, he feels guilty about the destruction of so many hilltops. He had to buy out many families, and some of them were obstinate until the end. A man named Coyle Mathis was particularly hostile. Walter only met Mathis once prior to this. They wound up arguing, and Walter called him stupid. Mathis reminded Walter of his father as he kicked Walter and Lalitha off of his property. Lalitha was able to deescalate the situation, but only barely.

The idea that saved the deal involved an oil conglomerate called LBI, which had a contract to provide body armor for American troops in the Middle East. The Trust will facilitate a deal in which LBI will hire the people who gave up their homes and jobs and relocate them to another town. They plan to announce the deal at a press conference the following Monday.

It is growing increasingly difficult for Walter to stay in hotels with Lalitha. Before the trip, Patty told him he had permission to have sex with Lalitha. However, one of the reasons he will not sleep with Lalitha is because he does not want Patty to know that he thinks more highly of Lalitha than her. He worries that he will love Lalitha, which would force him to make a decision about how to proceed.

Walter and Lalitha go to a steakhouse. He drinks a beer and says he is not sure why Richard is helping them. Lalitha says Richard is primitive, and they get drunk.

In the bathroom, a man criticizes Walter for being with a dark-skinned woman. Back at the table, Lalitha says she does not want to be with her boyfriend anymore. She is drunk enough that Walter orders their meals to go. The racist confronts Walter again and then pushes him through the door, but they escape.

At the hotel, he puts Lalitha in bed and watches the news. He worries about overpopulation and thinks about how much he hates Catholicism. Hypocritically, then he starts thinking about having a baby with Lalitha. Jessica calls and tells him that she wants to become a writer and focus on environmental issues. She tells him about an older boss who ogles the younger women. He cries after he hangs up, not knowing what to do.

Walter receives reads an email from journalist Dan Caperville at the New York Times. Caperville somehow knows about the finalized deal with the coal miners. Walter calls Patty, who says she read a piece about the warbler that morning. Walter asks her for advice, but Patty says “pretty face” (324) could do a better job of reassuring him.

Walter recalls that the previous summer, he set up an online banking account since Patty was working less. He noticed that she was giving herself $500 in cash every month. She says some of it went to help with Joey’s summer rent. Walter was furious that “Mr. Independent” (236) was going behind his back after refusing Walter’s help. He also remembers an argument they had after Patty took a job at a local gym, which devolved into an argument about her wanting breast augmentation surgery.

In the morning, Lalitha reads the Times article before they drive to Forster Hollow, which is where the initial mining will begin. They kiss in the car, but Walter stops her from going further. He tells her that he thinks he might love her, and she says that is enough for now.

A high-profile environmental activist named Jocelyn Zorn is at the mining site. She has set up a roadblock between the activists’ cars and the bulldozers. She talked to Mathis and knows Walter’s plans. Lalitha makes Walter leave when he gets too angry. Then Joey calls and says he is in trouble.

Part 3, Chapters 1-3 Analysis

One of the key insights in these chapters is conveyed through Richard’s remark about the hyenas. He tells Walter, “Integrity's a neutral value. Hyenas have integrity, too. They’re pure hyena” (230). Richard says this as a way to absolve himself of responsibility for his actions; he is merely the result of what evolutionary biology has predestined. Franzen introduces the question to prompt readers to wonder how much a person can actually change. It would be a relief for all of the characters if they could simply shrug off their choices as resulting from upstream events over which they had no control. Regardless, Richard is the only one who truly appears to believe it.

Chapter 1 is the reader’s first chance to experience Richard’s viewpoint. It turns out that he is as selfish as everyone else accuses him of being, but he is also more self-aware and self-loathing than anyone might guess. Consider what he tells Walter after being recognized by a fan on the metro platform. Regarding fame, he says, “It’s more like a situation where I would hate the absence of the thing but I don’t like the thing itself, either” (227). He is driven to pursue music, which leads to success, but he hates the freedoms that this success brings him.

Up until this point, Franzen has allowed Richard’s self-important posturing to align with any disaffected creative who identifies as an anti-mainstream artist. Once Richard is part of the mainstream, he cannot undo the transformation. It looks immature for a teenage musician to claim that he is not famous because the world cannot handle the truths his music reveals. It looks pitiful when the subject is a middle-aged adult who has achieved improbably high levels of artistic success. Richard’s dilemma allows Franzen to flag a useful definition of depression, which he reveals after Richard has the interview with Zachary:

He wasn't worried about having given offense; his business was giving offense. He was worried about having sounded pathetic – too transparently the washed-up talent whose only recourse was to trash his betters. He strongly disliked the person he'd just demonstrated afresh that he unfortunately was. And this, of course, was the simplest definition of depression that he knew of: strongly disliking yourself (203).

Like Richard, Walter does not know how to live, or what to do with his freedom. He thinks, “He didn’t know what to do, he didn’t know how to live. […] There was no controlling narrative: he seemed to himself a purely reactive pinball in a game whose only object was to stay alive for staying alive's sake” (318).

Even though Walter protests that he doesn’t know how to live, or what the meaning of life is, he also tells Lalitha, “Kids have always been the meaning of life. You fall in love, you reproduce […]. But the problem now is that more life is still beautiful and meaningful on the individual level, but for the world as a whole it only means more death” (222). Franzen suggests that in some cases, what is good for the individual is bad for the greater good.

Chapter 3 begins Walter’s descent into true rage, which Franzen began foreshadowing during the Fiend of Athens segment earlier. Lalitha represents an interesting counterpoint and complement to him: He finally has a woman in his life who loves him for who he is, but now he is changing into someone Patty will find it hard to recognize after his speech goes viral.

Joey’s chapter serves as a damning character sketch. It becomes clearer that he has no intention of severing ties with Connie. The dinner at Jonathan’s house is a narrative device to lead Joey to the institute that will connect him to LBI, and also to introduce him to the temptation of Jenna. Franzen is rapidly bringing Joey to the crossroads in Argentina that will help him forge an authentic identity.

The two major thematic question beneath these three chapters work in contrast with each other: Do people, like Richard suggests, simply act according to their natures, like hyenas? And if so, is Walter naïve in lamenting the fact that he doesn’t know how to live, or how to proceed? If integrity is truly a neutral value, then there is little reason to suspect that people will ever be truly punished for unethical choices. As the following three chapters reveal, however, that is not the position that Franzen takes.

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