Often referenced throughout the analysis, Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis whose theories about unconscious emotions and biological instincts are frequently critiqued and contrasted with Fromm's own views on the influence of societal context on personal development.

A pivotal 16th-century religious leader whose teachings during the Reformation are examined in relation to the development of individualism and authoritarian thought, particularly through Lutheranism's attitudes towards personal freedom and submission to God.

A significant figure in the Protestant Reformation whose doctrinal views, notably predestination and the role of relentless work, are analyzed for their impact on societal development and their alignment with the dynamics of capitalism.

The leader of Nazi Germany whose rise to power is explored as an embodiment of authoritarian personality traits, highlighting sado-masochistic tendencies and the societal factors that facilitated his ability to dominate and lead through an authoritarian regime.