Children of the Dust Bowl (1992), a historical work by Jerry Stanley, explores a little-known aspect of the plight of the so-called “Okies” who fled the drastic weather conditions in America’s Midwest during the late 1930s. Using accompanying photographs taken during the era, Stanley tells a story of simultaneous American intolerance and exceptionalism. Stanley begins with a brief introduction concerning John Steinbeck’s classic novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939. The novel was based on the experience of the “Okies,” poor farming families from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, and Missouri who had moved to California during the Dust Bowl in search of jobs. California did not want the Okies and treated them badly. The Grapes of Wrath, controversial because it depicted the harsh truth of how these poor migrants were treated, was banned and pulled from libraries on the pretext that it was obscene. According to Stanley, this story, occurring in the same camp in Kern County Steinbeck visited as a journalist before writing The Grapes of Wrath, takes place while efforts are being made to ban Steinbeck’s novel. Stanley describes life in what would come to be known as the Dust Bowl, an area that includes parts of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Missouri. Life has always been hard for the farmers, most of whom live in extreme poverty, barely getting by each year. In 1931, it stops raining. The ground, poorly managed for decades, becomes incredibly dry and crops fail. Due to the economic collapse of the Great Depression, there are no financial resources to fall back on; thousands of farmers lose their farms because they cannot pay back loans they have taken out to survive. The weather conditions worsen as high winds begin to regularly sweep the area, stirring the dusty soil up and creating dust storms that make the air unhealthy to breathe, coating everything in reddish dust, and causing the region to be referred to as the Dust Bowl. These storms also cause static electricity to build up to dangerous levels. Stanley outlines the mass migration of desperately poor farmers from this region. Having lost their homes and livelihoods in an area devastated by economic and environmental disaster, many, upon hearing that the fruit farms in California need as many pickers as they can get, move their families west in the hope of getting one of those jobs. More than a million people arrive in California between 1935 and 1940 from the Dust Bowl. California, however, does not have as many job opportunities as had been rumored, and the Okies find themselves herded into labor camps. Stanley describes the reactions of the people in California to the Okies, who are ignorant, uneducated, and dressed in ragged clothing. There are widespread prejudice and violence against the desperate migrants. Farmers refuse to donate extra produce, and even when jobs become available, often Okies are simply not considered. Worst of all, California makes no provisions for educating the children, and most schools refuse to accept them. Leo Hart, who served in World War I and subsequently suffers health issues, is the superintendent of education in Kern County. He often stops at the migrant camp to play with the Okie children. Knowing he has to do something for the Okie children, Hart takes matters into his own hands. He informs the local school boards that, due to overcrowding, he is removing the Okie children and putting them in the Emergency School. Meeting no resistance, he gets permission to build an emergency school for them as long as it does not use any taxpayer money. He leases ten acres of land and two old buildings next to the camp from the Federal Government, for ten dollars. Hart purchases supplies and tools with his own money; recruiting teachers and volunteers from both inside and outside the camp, together they built a school on the property. The children help to build the Arvin Federal Emergency School, sewing curtains and digging sewer lines. The school opens in 1940 with fifty students. By 1941, the school has two hundred students. The workload is extraordinary; in addition to a lot of classwork and homework, the children also work hard at home to survive, dealing with many challenges other children do not have to deal with. The school offers classes in trades that aren’t offered at other schools and free meals to children who can’t afford to pay. The teachers, who volunteer to work there because of their passion, are among some of the best in the area. People outside the migrant camp begin to demand that their children be allowed to attend the Arvin school as well. Stanley offers a look into the future. The Arvin school was merged with another local school in 1944; that school still operates today. Many of the children educated at the Emergency School went on to live prosperous lives as a direct result of their education. Leo Hart, retired in 1959, occasionally received phone calls from former students thanking him for what he did.

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Jerry Stanley

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