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As Shakespeare rises to fame, Emilia regrets the bargain she has made. She knows that her work, and the work of others he will not identify to her, have made him famous, but he reaps the credit. She meets with him one last time to attempt to renegotiate their bargain and to be paid better, but he rebuffs her. He also tells her that Jonson and others have begun publishing their collected works and that he intends to do the same and keep all the profit.
Alphonso continues to gamble away their money, so Emilia reinvents herself as a tutor. She is hired by Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland to teach her teenage daughter Anne. A recent widow, Lady Clifford hated her husband and runs a household where women are well-educated and treated as intellectual beings. Emilia loves working there and while in her service hatches a plan—she will write a series of religious poems under her name and dedicate them to women like Lady Clifford. In doing so, she will hopefully gain some recognition and wealthy benefactors.
When the plague resurges in 1606, Emilia returns home. There she and Alphonso maintain an uneasy truth while she continues to write her poems. During this time, Shakespeare publishes a book of his sonnets. Emilia is furious to see that many of them are hers, including the one she wrote upon the death of Odyllia. She redoubles her efforts to finish her book of poetry.
When the book is finished, she struggles to find a publisher but eventually convinces one to give her a chance. She points out that educated women might buy religious poems if there were any available for them to purchase. The book is printed, but it is not a success and leaves Emilia feeling discouraged and downtrodden.
In despair during the winter of 1611, she writes A Winter’s Tale, recalling the note she once wrote Southampton, saying, “[A] sad tale is best for winter” (365). When it is finished, she finds Shakespeare drinking at an inn and bargains with him. Though he initially makes her apologize, he relents and admits that her talent is greater than his, though he claims all the fame. However, he only gives her 10 shillings for it, in contrast to the prior 15.
In 1613, Jeronimo brings news that Alphonso has been found dead in the bed of his lover. Emilia bursts into hysterical laughter at the news, feeling freer than ever. She goes to sleep that night alone in bed, holding Southampton’s portrait.
Emilia is forced to go to court against Alphonso’s brother, Innocent, who claims that the patents Alphonso held were given to him. After pleading her case in court, the judge is swayed when the Earl of Southampton appears and comments on the case in Emilia’s favor. Afterward, Southampton and Emilia talk in the empty room. He tells her he heard Innocent bragging at an inn and came to defend her. He also admits that he saw A Winter’s Tale, recognized her words, and knows that she wrote the play and others. Emilia feels gloriously seen in this moment, for the first time. The two kiss and then he promises to keep her secret. They part.
Three years have passed since her father’s surgery. Melina now lives in her hometown with her father and Beth. The two recently married and she walked her father down the aisle, happy that he’d found love again. She leads a slow, quiet life as a technical writer, composing manuals for all sorts of things. Sometimes she dreams of finding a manual to happiness but when she opens it, the pages are blank.
Andre stops by on the way back from a rehearsal of his new play, which Melina knows will win a national award. The two catch up, and he tells her that he finally came out to his parents and has a new, and very serious, boyfriend. He asks her if she is okay and she insists that she is, but he doesn’t believe her. He tells her not to sleep her life away in her childhood bedroom.
Melina gets an email from a woman, Katherine Marsh, who is the director of the Athena Playhouse. She asks to speak to Melina about her play. The two have a phone call, and Katherine explains that they want to stage By Any Other Name at their Maine theatre. When she arrives at the playhouse, she is charmed by its architecture. She is also surprised to see Jasper, who tells her he is the Athena’s artistic director. Taking her chastisement to heart, he has “made a bigger table” here for women and nonbinary playwrights. However, he confesses, “I’ve been saving a seat for you” (438). The lovers reunite and she agrees to stage the play.
An excerpt from By Any Other Name reveals the play’s last lines, which say, “There was a story, whether or not others ever chose to listen” (439).
Emilia continues to survive despite the odds, pursuing different paths to make a living for herself and her family. She opens a school for young women in her neighborhood who cannot attend grammar school due to their gender. One of her pupils leaves the school crying, and Emilia comforts her. She tells Emilia that she is to be married and asks her what the point of educating them is. To answer her, Emilia tells the story of a bird of prey she saw at court who died beating itself against a window. However, the window cracked afterward. She tells the pupil that she might be the bird who cannot escape, but she hopes that her students or their children will taste freedom.
The afternoon is interrupted when the constable arrests her. The landlord claims she has not paid her rent, and she rejoins that she has withheld it until he made the promised repairs. In Fleet Prison, she cannot reach her family or friends, especially Henry who travels with the court as a royal musician. She passes the days daydreaming of her old life. Finally, Henry frees her from prison and takes her home.
At home, Emilia is surprised to be visited by the playwright Ben Jonson. He explains that he and some others are printing an edition of Shakespeare’s works. He is aware of a workshop run by Oxford and staffed by other male playwrights who used Shakespeare as a front to sell their work. However, Shakespeare once let slip that his best source was Emilia.’ Jonson eventually remembered her from Mary Sidney’s salon long ago and tracked her down so that she can edit the manuscript of her plays before they go to press. She agrees to do so, and adds lines to Othello, giving Emilia more of a voice, and underscoring her point that women are also human.
Two years later, Jonson shows her the finished product. He gleefully points out that the strange illustration of Shakespeare, as well as the poetic epigraph, are meant to convey that Shakespeare is not the real author of the plays. Emilia asks him if he thinks that someone will crack the cipher after they are gone, and he says he believes so.
Later, Henry marries a young woman named Joyce, whom he loves. Before the wedding, he is nervous and tells his mother that he worries he will be like Alphonso. Emilia admits that Alphonso was not his real father and that his father was a good man but tells Henry that it doesn’t matter who his father is. What matters is that Joyce loves him, and he is a good man.
A year later, Emilia has embarked on a new career, selling ale. At market, she is shocked to overhear people gossiping about the death of Southampton and his son of a fever. She always assumed that she would know when he died because of their great love but realizes that it was an ordinary day to her and would have continued to be had she not heard the news. She sells her wares and leaves a note for her son, and then sets off on the long journey to Southampton’s home. She arrives at night and sneaks into the crypt where she sleeps next to his tomb.
In the spring, she is surprised to find the new Earl of Southampton, Henry’s son Thomas, at her door. He gives her back the miniature portrait and tells her he wanted to spare his mother heartache. She wonders how he found her but is glad to have the miniature back as tangible proof that she was once loved.
One day, she is talking with her son Henry, Joyce, and their two small children when Henry falls over in pain. He dies suddenly and Joyce dies soon after. Emilia finds herself at 66 years old, raising her two grandchildren. She appears in court again to request the money owed to her by her brother-in-law. There is no man like Southampton to save her, but she prevails and is paid the money.
Emilia comforts her granddaughter, Mary, before her wedding. She tells her grandmother that she loves her groom too much and worries that marriage will only end in pain if something happens to him. Emilia counsels her to take joy where she can, and the wedding proceeds happily.
In old age, Emilia dies of a cough, Bess by her side. Before she dies, she gives her the miniatures and tells her that she may need to sell them for money, but to please sell them together. She thanks the other woman for being her constant friend.
In the afterlife, she expects to find her lover but instead is greeted by her old friend Marlowe, who says that he has been waiting for her. As they walk together, their steps drift off into a smoke made from words she has written. Marlowe tells her her work will be remembered, but she cries that it isn’t enough, and she wants to be remembered too. She tries to glimpse the future but only sees confusing things—cars, skyscrapers, and a girl who resembles her standing on a stage. She then finds herself sitting on a bench under a willow, at the beginning of her life.
Melina watches as the actors performing her play take their bows. She is overwhelmed with joy at the performance and all her loved ones are present, including Andre, Jasper, her father, and Beth. Jasper comes on stage and tells the crowd that the playwright is in the house, gesturing for Melina to join him on stage. She goes to do so, hardly believing that she agreed, and sees a woman dressed in Elizabethan attire backstage. They meet eyes for a moment, and it is implied that she is seeing the spirit of Emilia Bassano. Melina takes the stage and enters the spotlight, thinking that she is finally seen.
Earlier in the novel, Emilia states, “Her life could be viewed as a tragedy, or it could be a comedy. It was truly a matter of perspective” (88-89). The question of whether her life is comic or tragic is emphasized in the novel’s final chapters, where an aging Emilia is forced to confront disaster after disaster. Though Picoult emphasizes the joys in Emilia’s life, including her grandchildren, the hardships vastly outweigh them. This comic versus tragic perspective is illustrated in the story Emilia tells to her young pupil, who asks her why they are educated if they are to be married off. Emilia responds by recounting the story of a kite who broke its neck against a window in the palace, and the girl tells her, “[T]hat’s a terrible story” (443). Emilia agrees that it could be but points out that the window was permanently cracked. She tells the girl, “Mayhap I am like that bird, beating against the window for naught. But you—or your daughter, or your daughter’s daughter—may be the one to fly through the hole” (443). Though the message is hopeful—freedom is possible in the future—the story is still tragic for the kite. As the novel progresses, Emilia becomes increasingly hemmed in by poverty and circumstance.
Narratively, Picoult counters the tragic ending of Emilia’s life by imagining her experience of the afterlife. In death, she encounters her beloved friend, Christopher Marlowe, who tells her that she should be proud of what she has accomplished, pointing out, “Even if you do not feel the shade of the tree you planted, others will” (479). Emilia asks why she cannot also be recognized by the person planting the seed and is given a brief glimpse into the future, where she sees Melina’s play being performed.
In contrast to the mixed comedy and tragedy of Emilia’s life, Melina’s arc is squarely comic. The novel begins with her as a frightened girl who sees herself as “invisible.” By the end of the novel, Melina has learned to let herself be seen. She has also learned to see herself and grapple with her flaws, mending and strengthening her friendship with Andre. She also reunites with Jasper, who has also changed and is making a “bigger table” for marginalized groups in theater. The novel’s last lines follow Melina as she steps out on stage “front and center” and thinks, “There once was a girl who was seen” (483). Melina is seen by the audience, but she is also, in a powerful moment, seen by her ancestor Emilia. She encounters a woman’s ghost as she begins to walk onstage and, thinking she is an actress, tells her, “You should be out there” (482). This moment highlights the novel’s major themes about the power of voice and The Invisibility of Women’s Work. Melina’s work finally makes it possible for Emilia to be seen and for her work, invisible for centuries, to be recognized. In doing so, she offers her ancestor the happy ending that her biography could not, by ensuring that she lives on.
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By Jodi Picoult