55 pages 1 hour read

Bitter in the Mouth

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2010

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Part 1, Chapters 5-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “Confession: … August 3, 1998”

Chapter 5 Summary

Linda begins the chapter with the start of the story of Virginia Dare, whose ghost supposedly haunts North Carolina. Virginia was born in 1587, the first English child to be born at the Roanoke Island settlement and the granddaughter of the governor of the colony, John White. Shortly after her birth, though, John returned to England with a group of volunteers to collect more supplies; however, they return amid war with Spain, and John is unable to return for several years longer than intended.

When Linda was eight, her father gave her an illustrated book on North Carolinian history that was intended to “foster a sense of security and belonging” (52). The book, however, offered a slanted perspective of the history of the state: e.g., in it, “there was only one mention of a slave, George Moses Horton, who had earned extra money for his master by writing love poems for the young men of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill” (52). Other stories were missing details, such as an unnamed boy from Kitty Hawk who witnessed the first flight whom the authors chose to “separate […] from the group, and then leave him standing on the sand of Kitty Hawk, nameless and without a word to contribute” (52).

Thomas had followed the path of his father and forefathers, at least for the most part. He was born and raised in North Carolina, like they were; he attended Yale for college, like they did; and he “returned home to Charlotte, North Carolina, more or less unchanged,” as they did (53). However, Thomas also differed in some ways—e.g., he did not attend law school at UNC Chapel Hill, as they had, but rather Columbia University, in New York City, “a school in the Yankee epicenter” (54). Further, Thomas chose not to enter the family business—the department store of Hammerick & Sons—but instead practice law: “The Hammerick men, prior to Thomas, became lawyers not to practice law but to protect themselves from it” (56). Thomas went to work for Walter Wendell Whatley, Iris’s husband and DeAnne’s father. After Walter became Judge Whatley, he invited Thomas to dinner, and Thomas shortly thereafter began dating DeAnne; three years later, they married. However, in the photos Harper showed Linda, Thomas seemed grave and somewhat standoffish, he and DeAnne never touching.

Chapter 6 Summary

Linda read about the Wright brothers’ first flight in her book on North Carolina history. She notes two important things: first, that although Orville was the first to fly, Wilbur’s flight was the longest; second, that “their true achievement wasn’t flight but flight accompanied by a safe landing” (61). Linda notes that she always liked Wilbur better. Until eighth grade, Linda and Wade share a bus stop in front of his house. His mother would send out cups of hot cocoa on cold winter mornings, and when it was really cold, she would drive them to school; Linda kept this secret from her parents, who would have disapproved, albeit for different reasons.

Although they shared a bus stop for years prior, Wade and Linda didn’t have a conversation until sixth grade, the summer after Kelly decided she had a crush on him; Linda asks what Wade and his mother laugh about on his way out the door, and Wade tells Linda that he tells his mother jokes. When the bus arrives, Wade goes to the back while Linda sits in the front, joined a few stops later by Kelly. That summer, Kelly’s obsession had developed, and she had written a weekly “Wade Report” to inform Linda of his activities, unbeknownst to him. On the bus, Kelly whispers “Cute” to Linda; Linda surprises Kelly by replying “Mine,” although Kelly believes Linda is referring to her new purse.

Chapter 7 Summary

At 10 days old, Virginia Dare disappeared; according to legend, she was subsequently raised by Native Americans. Linda’s book never addressed how she became an orphan, as “That sort of information would have given her character too much psychological depth and nuance” (68). As a young woman, Virginia attracted the attention of a young Native American man whom she called “O!” and the two were happy together. However, she also attracted the attention of an evil magician named Wanchese, who turned her into a white doe; she could only be freed if shot through the heart by an arrow made of oyster pearl. On the day of a hunt, both O! and Wanchese shoot her through the heart simultaneously, the first arrow freeing her, only for her to be killed by the second one.

Kelly and Linda began using “I Virginia Dare you” to pressure themselves into doing something. They were both fascinated by the tale; however, their interpretation was that “being too beautiful could get [them] killed” (69). As a result, their first dare was not to brush their teeth for a week because commercials had linked white teeth and fresh breath with beauty. Their last one came after Kelly explained the true meaning of the story to Linda: “Be careful of a man’s arrow” (71). Kelly dares Linda for them to lose their virginity by the end of their first year of high school.

When Linda was 11, she learned how to manipulate language to produce tastes she enjoyed. She begins doing this to suffer through her mother’s cooking, then continues the practice as she grows older. While growing up, Linda knew pancakes only as the instant kind, made by Harper; it isn’t until she’s older that she tastes pancakes made from scratch, made by her then-boyfriend Leo. She insists on calling them something else, but they must go through several names before she settles on “griddle cakes” because the two words are “voids,” words with no taste. Linda falls in love with Leo in part because his name has a beautiful taste, of parsnip. They spend eight years together, but Linda never tells him about her incomings out of fear that he, as a psychiatry medical student, would react poorly.

Chapter 8 Summary

Wade and Linda talked at the bus stop before school from sixth until eighth grade. Linda enjoys the conversations because “there was always a known and dependable endpoint to [their] talks” (81), and she was able to stave off the incomings for the few minutes the conversation took place. The rest of the day, Wade and Linda are “indifferent” to one another, “living through the last days of our gender segregation” (81).

The summer after seventh grade, Wade and his mother spend the summer in Tampa, with her mother. The pair admit in coded language that they will miss one another and that they are looking forward to seeing one another in the fall. By this point, Kelly’s “newsletter” has become both a daily occurrence and “a good and early lesson on why we shouldn’t believe all that we read,” as Kelly’s infatuation with Wade was entirely one-sided and imaginative (82). That fall, when Wade returns, he is more grown-up and more confident: “Travel had made Wade worldly” (84). Others in their eight-grade class had likewise developed. The girls “immediately began to exclude and oppress” (85); some of the boys had grown as tall as Wade, but “had achieved it in awkward ways” and, thus, deferred to Wade (86).

Wade had given Linda a note upon his return telling her that he missed her. However, when he asks her about it, she turns and runs, then spends the next week cajoling a ride out of her father in order to avoid him under the guise of menstrual cramps. After a week, though, she is no longer able to use that excuse, but instead gives him a note that returns the sentiment. The two begin dating, though secretly—she writes in her notebook L+OSB, for “orange sherbet boy” after the incomings she associates with him, in order to hide the relationship from Kelly.

Chapter 9 Summary

In Linda’s family, “[t]ouch was a sense not explored or celebrated” (89). For a long time, Linda believed this was also why her family didn’t show skin, didn’t drink, and didn’t dance, except for Baby Harper, who loved to dance. Linda never even saw her parents or grandparents kiss one another. One day that year, Wade kisses Linda, breaking “an invisible seal around our bodies. A thin covering of skin had peeled away from us, and we were new underneath and tender as a bruise” (90). Linda asks Wade not to tell anyone, and Wade agrees. He believes, however, that it is because it’s their business; Linda knows that Kelly can never know that they kissed, though.

As the year progresses, as Wade’s mom is rarely home, Wade and Linda further progress and explore one another. However, one day he tells her that he had kissed another girl while in Tampa that summer. Linda freezes and asks what her name was; Wade tells her it didn’t mean anything, but for Linda, this is beside the point, as her “first kiss was Wade’s second (or third or fourth). […] The kissed-girl’s existence, now revealed, was a threat, a possibility, a likelihood that she could again be first. Her existence was useful to Wade, though he had only a vague idea why” (93).

As summer approaches, Wade tells Linda that he’ll be spending the summer in Tampa again. He asks her to be his first sexual experience, saying “Please, Linda.” Linda tells Wade that she’s not ready, then dresses and leaves. However, she overhears Wade practicing the same line for the other girl: “The last word of the plea was apparently interchangeable” (95). Wade’s mother leaves their family before it’s time to go to Tampa. As it turned out, Wade’s mother had met someone while on a trip to Myrtle Beach and had decided to leave her husband for him. Wade instead flies to Tampa alone; he promises to call once there, but he does not speak to Linda all summer.

When Wade returns, he has transformed from “a disheveled James Dean” into a “Ken Doll” (98). He quickly becomes one of the popular kids and begins getting a ride to school from “three other Ken dolls who were juniors and already had their driver’s licenses” (98). Kelly, too, has transformed, and is reluctant to accept Linda’s criticisms of Wade (although she is also unaware of Wade’s history with Linda). Linda becomes an invisible, diligent student during her time in high school: “If it hadn’t been for the smoke from my cigarettes or the smell of it in my hair, it would have been difficult to find me” (100).

Part 1, Chapters 5-9 Analysis

Chapter 5 introduces the motif of North Carolinian mythology, a motif that also serves as a unique narrative structure for much of the book. The history book that Thomas gives Linda contains several stories, but Linda the narrator focuses on three, beginning with Virginia Dare. Linda only teases parts of the stories initially, alternating between stories and only reaching their conclusions at the end of the novel, keeping with the larger narrative structure even if the stories themselves seem initially separate from the rest of the events—e.g., we learn the origin of “I Virginia Dare you,” but we don’t get the significance of the story until later on, which demonstrates how perspective and experience can influence our interpretations of events—as children, Kelly and Linda hold the same interpretation of the Virginia Dare story; however, as teenagers, they have come to understand it differently (a fact which Kelly uses to condescend to Linda).

Both the book itself and the stories foreshadow the later reveal at the end of the first part. Thomas gives Linda the book in part to foster a sense of belonging in her. This is initially read as a more general sense of belonging as a citizen of North Carolina, and not unlike what many parents might look to do for their children (e.g., “This is what it means to be an American,” etc.), which is reinforced by Kelly’s interest in the book, as well. However, Thomas’s gift means something different considering Linda’s real background—in that light, his effort to foster a sense of belonging in her is about more than just teaching her the history of the state in which she lives, but rather helping her to feel accepted and at home in a country in which she was not meant to be raised, by parents who were not meant to raise her.

Further, then, the specifics of the book are significant. For one, it is a reductive history, one that felt elementary even to young Linda, filled with illustrations and simple versions of stories that were certainly much more complex. Second, a key, but unintended, theme of the book is that of invisibility, one that is represented in the novel, as well: Tying the three stories together is a theme of oppression and invisibility on the part of the protagonists (and even, at times, certain side characters), and as Linda states at the end of Chapter 9, she sought to be invisible. Third, the particular stories she latches onto are stories that connect to aspects of her identity and the ways she experiences oppression: Virginia Dare and George Moses Horton are oppressed for their gender and race, respectively, whereas Wilbur Wright is a character who flew longer than his brother yet was demoted in history because he was not the first.

Chapters 8 and 9 introduce Wade and his relationship with Linda. Initially, this appears to be merely young love, the kind of heartbreak people experience as children that feels more profound at the time, and which Linda has already written off at the start of the book. Despite occupying a rather small portion of the book, though, Wade ends up woven throughout Linda’s life in interesting ways. For one, her relationship with Wade sets up a tension between Linda and Kelly, given Kelly’s newfound crush on him. As a result, Linda is forced to keep their relationship a secret so as not to hurt Kelly—this comes back to haunt Linda later, as Wade turns out to be the father of Kelly’s baby (and even more hurtful, Kelly had known about how Wade hurt Linda, and further, at that point, Wade didn’t mean anything to Kelly more than just a one-night stand).

As with Kelly, the relationship becomes even more complicated considering the revelation that is yet to come in these chapters—given the overt racism Linda experiences from the children of Boiling Springs, to what extent is the secrecy of their relationship a function of Wade’s desire not to be thought of as friends with Linda? (A similar question could have been asked about Kelly.) Further, there is a history of Asian women—and Southeast Asian women, in particular—being overtly sexualized in the West, one that Linda touches on in Part 2 when she refers to the men of Boiling Springs seeing her and recalling “the young female bodies [not women] that they bought by the half hour while wearing their country’s uniform” (171). This, too, complicates Wade and Linda’s youthful sexual experimentation, especially as we learn that Linda ultimately was interchangeable with the girl in Florida—was it young love or lust, and did Linda’s ethnicity contribute to what Wade thought he could take from her? (Which, again, a similar question could be asked about Bobby—as Linda asks Kelly, what made Linda different? Why was Bobby so much more violent with her?)

These chapters also introduce concepts of convention, resistance to change, and the ways people bend and break those structures based on circumstance. This is most prescient in the Hammerick family, who are characterized as both resistant to change as well as breakers of regulations. For example, Thomas is set apart from the rest of his family in part by his choice to practice, not just study, the law—the rest of the Hammericks had studied law, Linda tells us, to protect themselves from it. The law here, then—quite literally the conventions and guidelines of society—is presented as something malleable with the right knowledge. Further, Thomas’s decision to practice the law is one that becomes a moral one, as he is choosing to use his knowledge for (at least some semblance of) public good, not to inculcate himself from public scrutiny and responsibility. We see this in other areas, as well—e.g., in these chapters, Linda describes first discovering that she can manipulate language to use her synesthesia to her own benefit. In this instance, synesthesia is like the law—a fact of her life, but one that she learns how to use as best she can for her own purposes.

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