An English philosopher whose ideas on religious tolerance and the separation of church and state are referenced to explain the historical roots of secular thought and individual autonomy in belief.

A German philosopher known for proclaiming “God is dead,” whose work is used to discuss the existential challenges of secularism and the shift in values when traditional religious frameworks are no longer dominant.

A German sociologist whose concept of disenchantment is employed to analyze how secularism alters the context of belief within modern rational and bureaucratic societies.

A Genevan philosopher whose focus on personal authenticity and critique of institutional religion is highlighted to explain the rise of individualism and secular humanism.

A British philosopher whose advocacy for liberty and utilitarian ethics provides a foundation for understanding modern secular thought’s emphasis on individual rights and rational morality.

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation whose challenge to the Catholic Church’s authority is discussed for its role in the individualization of faith and the separation of religion from public authority.